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emotion
According to Ells it is a response to stimuli based on past experiences which is made instinctively while reason is a form of personal justification that changes from person to person based on their own ethical and moral code, as well as prior experience.
emotion
Some ethicists believe that ethics is also a matter of ?
feelings or emotion
said to be judgments about the accomplishment of one's goals
Reason
_________ when removed from emotion, allows a person to make conscious decisions based on fact, with no references to personal involvement.
Ethical Subjectivism
This theory basically runs contrary to the principle that there is objectivity in morality.
meta-ethically theory
Fundamentally a __________________, it is not about what things are good and what are things are bad. It does not tell how we should live or what moral norms we should practice. Instead, it is a theory about the nature or moral judgments
TRUE
Ethical Subjectivism holds that there are NO objective moral properties and that ethical statements are in fact arbitrary because they do not express immutable truths.
TRUE OR FALSE
Simple Subjectivism
the view (largely as described above) that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts
Individualist Subjectivism
the view (originally put forward by Protagoras) that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are individuals in the world.
egoism
maintains that every human being ought to pursue what is in his or her self-interest exclusively
Moral Relativism (or Ethical Relativism)
the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society, leading to the conclusion that different things are right for people in different societies and different periods in history.
Ideal Observer Theory
the view that what is right is determined by the attitudes that a hypothetical ideal observer (a being who is perfectly rational, imaginative and informed) would have.
emotivism
theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of evaluation
emotivism
name of only the earliest version of ethical noncognitivism (also known as expressivism and nondescriptivism)
Emotivists
believe that moral language expresses emotions and tries to influence others; it has no cognitive content
Subjectivism
implies the moral statements are less significant than most people think they are - this may of course be true without rendering moral statement insignificant
emotivism
presupposes that moral disagreements are incapable of being resolved by rational discourse.
Don't accept the problem as given
How choices are framed can sway your choices in ways that may contradict your core beliefs
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
Watch your language
How we name things exposes (or masks) the nature of our actions and their consequences. Firings become layoffs, layoffs become downsizing, and downsizing becomes right-sizing. The action may be unavoidable, but we should not sugarcoat the fact that people who once worked with or for us are now jobless.
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7. Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
Take special care in dimly lit places
Your actions—and ultimately even your values—are influenced by the company you keep.
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7. Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
Be modest about your virtue
Most of us believe that we are more ethical than are others. Countless experiments and real life examples, however, should remind us that people who are most self-righteous may be most likely to slip
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7. Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
Understand why others transgress
Some lapses may be due to moral failure, but others can be caused by external factors that have little to do with their fundamental nature. Luck plays a role in regard to how people are tested and what resources they can draw upon. Refrain from judging a person's core character, positively or negatively, on the basis of a single event.
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7. Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
An ancient proverb says, "Every saint has a past. Every sinner has a future." Honest reflection about the past, coupled with a measure of humility, can serve as foundation for leading a responsible life going forward.
1. Don't accept the problem as given
2. Listen to both your heart and head
3. Watch your language
4. Take special care in dimly lit places
5. Be modest about your virtue
6. Understand why others transgress
7. Don't give up on yourself (or on others)
STOP AND THINK
IN 7 STEP OF MORAL REASONING: Before making any decisions, it is nice to take a moment to think about the following:
a. Situation itself
b. Your role in the situation
c. Other internal/ external factors such as
• People who might get involved in the result of the decision
• Potential effects of the decision
CLARIFY GOALS
IN 7 STEP OF MORAL REASONING: In a decision-making, it is essential to determine your goals both your short-term and long-term goals
SHORT TERM GOALS
those that need to be accomplished right after or immediately after a decision is made
LONG-TERM GOALS
the result may come out after some times.
DETERMINE FACTS
Make sure that that all essential information is considered before you make a decision
DEVELOP OPTIONS
Once you know what you the goals are and facts are well considered already, then you can make a list of actions that are possibly be your options
consider consequences
After developing options which are possibly your basis of action, you must _____________________ of each option
GOLDEN RULE
treat others the way you want to be treated, and keep your promises
CHOOSE
After consideration of all the consequences from the options, make a decision now. If you are doubtful of your choice, try the following:
a. Talk to people whom you trust.
b. Think of someone who you think has the character of good decision maker.
c. If people around you found out your decision, would you be comfortable and proud?
d. Follow the Golder Rule: treat others the way you want to be treated, and keep your promises.
Ethical decision makers
monitor the effect of their decisions and are willing to modify their decision
MONITOR AND MODIFY
Ethical decision makers monitor the effect of their decisions and are willing to modify their decision. Though it takes a lot of humility and courage to do such, it is necessary if the decision had been made has a lot of ethical considerations. Do not hesitate to revise your decisions in light of new developments in the situation.
THEORY
is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or concepts.
MORAL THEORY
explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we ought to act in certain ways
Moral Subjectivism
where right or wrong are determined by what you -- the subject -- just happens to think (or 'feel') is right or wrong. This is simply based on your personal assessment and judgment.
TRUE
In its common form, moral subjectivism amounts to the DENIAL of moral principles of any significant kind, and the possibility of moral criticism and argumentation.
TRUE OR FALSE
you cannot object to anyone's behavior
shows the key flaw in moral subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just happens to hold at the time. This is also based on the idea that different people have different cultures that are why right or wrong is based on how one's culture dictates morality.
TRUE
Cultural Relativism is closely linked to Moral Subjectivism. It implies that we CANNOT criticize the actions of those in cultures other than our own.
TRUE OR FALSE
Cultural Relativism
it implies that a culture cannot be mistaken about what is right and wrong (which seems not to be true), and so it denies the possibility of moral advancement (which also seems not to be true)
Ethical Egoism
Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Or, it is immoral to act contrary to your self-interest.
TRUE
Ethical egoism does not imply hedonism or that we ought to aim for at least some 'higher' goods (e.g., wisdom, political success), but rather that we will (ideally) act so as to MAXIMIZE OUR SELF-INTEREST
TRUE OR FALSE
Divine Command Theory
Right and wrong come from the commands of God (or the gods)
VIRTUE ETHICS
Right and wrong are characterized in terms of acting in accordance with the traditional virtues -- making a good person.
FEMINITS ETHICS
Right and wrong are to be found in women's responses to the relationship of caring
UTILITARIANISM
Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of the action
PLEASURE OR HAPPINESS
All action leads to some end. But there is a summum bonum -- the highest good/end
'The Greatest Happiness Principle' (GHP)
usually characterized as the ideal of working towards the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
implies that we ought to act so as to maximize human welfare. We do this in a particular instance by choosing the action that maximizes pleasure/happiness and minimizes suffering
Kantian Theory
Right and wrong are determined by rationality, giving universal duties.
Contractarianism
The principles of right and wrong (or Justice) are those which everyone in society would agree upon in forming a social contract
FEMINITS ETHICS
Right and wrong are to be found in women's responses to the relationship of caring
