histology week 3

types of connective tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle. nervous

what is connective tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

functions of connective tissue

supporting and moving, enclosing and separating joints, connecting tissue to one another, storing, cushioning and insulating, transporting substances and protection,

what is connective tissue made of

cells, fibers, and ground substance

what is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

connective tissue

what is parenchyma

the functional tissue of an organ, the material that makes it a structure

what holds parenchyma together

connective tissue

T or F

All organs have connective tissue

true

what are the three outer membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

the meninges

what are the meninges composed of

connective tissue

common cells in connective tissues include

fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells

what is the most common cell type in connective tissues

fibroblasts

what do fibroblasts produce

both extracellular fibers and amorphous ground substance

another name for fibroblasts

fibrocytes (mature fibroblasts)

plasma cells produce

antibodies

neutrophils function

phagocytosis of bacteria

eosinophil function

modulates allergic and vasoactive reactions as well and defense against parasites

function of adipocytes

storage of neutral fats

what is ground substance

a component of connective tissue that is between the cells and fibers (water in a pool)

what is the viscosity of ground substance

varies between types, some are viscous, semisolid, or solid

function of ground substance

supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange between the blood and cells.

immature cells

cells that end in blast

function of specialized cells

form and maintain the extracellular matrix, these cells can reproduce and form the matrix.

mature cells

cells that end in cyte

cyte vs blast

cyte cells have a reduced ability to divide and maintain the matrix

clast cells

cells that are used for remodeling of matrix

fixed cells

cells that appear in tissues in stable numbers

wandering cells

cells found in tissue only in response to infection or injury

groupings of connective tissue cells

fixed cells and wandering cells

what cells are present in all general connective tissues

fibroblasts

what do macrophages develop from

monocytes

function of macrophages

engulfing cellular debris and bacteria by phagocytosis

fixed macrophages vs wandering macrophages

fixed macrophages reside in certain cells, wandering macrophages move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry out phagocytosis

plasma cells develop from

B lymphocytes

function of plasma cells

secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body

function of mast cells

produce histamine

function of histamine

dilates blood vessels as an inflammatory response

function of osteocytes, blasts, clasts

to build and maintain proper bone Ca levels

function of adipocytes

store triglycerides, insulate and cushion

3 classifications of connective tissue

connective tissue proper

supporting connective tissue

fluid connective tissue

2 types of connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

types of loose connective tissue

areolar connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

adipose connective tissue

types of dense connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

elastic connective tissue

types of supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

types of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

types of bone

compact bone

spongy bone

types of fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

what is the function of protein fibers in connective tissues

protein fibers provide support and stability

types of protein fibers in connective tissues

collagen fibers

reticular fibers

elastic fibers

collagen fiber characteristics

tough and slightly elastic, parallel fibers which cause great tensile strength

composition of elastic fibers

a protein called elastin and a glycoprotein called fibrillin

characteristics of elastic fibers

provide strength but still flexible and very stretchy, branch to form a network so it is nonparallel

composition of reticular fibers

collagen

difference between collagen fibers and reticular fibers

reticular fibers are much thinner and arranged in a branching network (not parallel)

what is a stroma

a spongelike framework of reticular fibers in organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

what is connective tissue proper

connective tissues that have a variable mixture of both connective tissue cells and extracellular protein fibers suspended in a viscous ground substance

what is a proteoglycan

protein core + glycosaminoglycan

what is a glycoprotein

protein + oligosaccharide

proteins and carbs present in the ground substance

adhesion proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

function of fibronectin

binds collagen fibers and the ground substance together

example of adhesion protein in ground substance

fibronectin

types of ground substance of the two supporting connective tissues

semisolid (cartilage) and solid (bone)

function of supporting connective tissue

it has a strong and durable framework that protects and supports soft body tissues

composition of fluid connective tissues

contain cells, cell fragments, dissolved protein fibers, and watery ground substance

where is loose connective tissue found

distributed throughout the body as binding and packing material, surrounds organs, in between skin and muscles (fascia)

function of fascia

binds skin to underlying muscles, provides skin with nutrients

functions of loose connective tissue

provides flexibility and elasticity but is still strong in any direction

areolar connective tissue consists of

all three fiber types, several types of cells, and a semifluid ground substance

what is the most common loose connective tissue?

areolar connective tissue

composition of adipose connective tissue

made of adipocytes, specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)

what causes amount of adipose tissue to increase

weight gain

function of adipose tissue

insulation, energy reserve, supports and protects organs

role of brown adipose tissue in infants

generates heat to maintain proper body temperature

composition of reticular connective tissue

contains a meshwork of reticular fibers with fibroblasts and leukocytes, has very little ground substance.

where is reticular connective tissue

mainly in the hematopoietic system; spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

function of reticular connective tissue

to form a stroma and for structural support

composition of dense connective tissues

an abundance of collagen fibers, densely packed with relatively little space between them

dense regular connective tissue

fibers oriented predominately in the same direction, which resist stretching and gives strength to that direction

types of dense regular connective tissue

ligaments and tendons

amount of blood vessels in dense regular connective tissue

very few blood vessels which is the reason behind slow healing of tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

very little ground substance, and tightly packed collagen fibers that extend in all directions interwoven for tensile strength in all directions

location of dense irregular connective tissue

found in the dermis of the skin, the submucosa of the GI tract, and forms fibrous capsules of organs and joints

primary fiber in elastic connective tissue

elastic fibers

what class of tissue is elastic connective tissue

dense conntive tissue

location of elastic connective tissue

found in walls of large arteries, vocal cords, trachea and bronchial tubes of lungs

arrangement of elastic connective tissue

parallel elastic fibers with sparse ground substance

characteristics of cartilage

strong, resilient and flexible

what can endure the most stress

Cartilage

Loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

cartilage can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissue (Saroli said it could be a test question)

composition of cartilage

chondrocytes

chondroitin sulfate + proteoglycans

collagen and elastic fibers

what is a chondrocyte and where is it found

mature cartilage cell, found inside lacunae in extracellular matrix

what gives cartilage its flexibility and resilience

chondroitin sulfate

what gives cartilage its strength

collagen fibers

how fast does cartilage heal and why

it heals slowly due to a lack of blood and nerve supply

what makes up most of the embryonic skeleton

cartilage

what is the outer covering of cartilage called

perichondrium

what is the perichondrium made up of

dense irregular connective tissue and chondroblasts

where is cartilage found

areas that must withstand deformation and need support, like the ears and tip of nose

what is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body

hyaline cartilage