22 ch review on human sex differences for BIOL 1104 exam 3

These flashcards cover key concepts related to human sex differences, the endocrine and skeletal systems, muscle structure, and physiological traits in males and females.

What is the difference between water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances?

Water-soluble substances are polar, while lipid-soluble substances are non-polar.

What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts are involved in deposition of bone, while osteoclasts are involved in reabsorption of calcium.

What happens during muscle contraction regarding actin and myosin filaments?

During contraction, actin filaments slide over fixed myosin filaments, pulling the ends of the sarcomeres.

Which muscle fibers are better for sprinting?

Fast twitch fibers are better for sprinting.

What type of muscle fibers are great for endurance running?

Slow twitch fibers are great for endurance running.

Why are women at lower risk for cardiovascular disease?

Women are at less risk due to less iron loss from the menstrual cycle.

What muscle fibers contain a small amount of mitochondria?

Fast twitch muscle fibers contain a small amount of mitochondria.

What is the energy system for a 100m sprinter?

Anaerobic energy system.

What type of athlete has a high oxygen demand?

Marathon runners have a high oxygen demand.

What is testosterone mainly responsible for in males?

Testosterone is responsible for masculinizing traits and sperm production.

What hormone is secreted by the ovaries?

Estrogen is secreted by the ovaries.

What is the hypothalamus's role regarding hormones?

Regulates the endocrine system by secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).

What is an endocrine gland?

An endocrine gland is a group of cells or organs that secrete hormones.

What is the function of insulin?

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels.

Which hormone stimulates T cells in the immune system?

Thymosin stimulates T cells.

What structure connects appendages to the axial skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton connects to the axial skeleton.

What defines the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton comprises the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.

How does testosterone influence muscle fibers?

Testosterone increases the size of muscle fibers without increasing the number.

What is the role of estrogen in females?

Estrogen regulates menstruation, egg maturation, and breast development.

What does the term osteoblast refer to?

An osteoblast is a cell responsible for bone formation.

What happens to DNA when steroid hormones bind to receptors?

Binding of steroid hormones to receptors regulates gene expression.

What physical changes occur in males during puberty?

Puberty in males includes penis and testes enlargement, growth spurts, and increased muscle mass.

What menstrual aspects does estrogen regulate in females?

Estrogen regulates menstruation and egg cell maturation.

What is the general life expectancy difference between males and females?

Females have a greater life expectancy than males.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition that increases the risk of bone fractures due to weakened bones.

What is the primary hormone for bone remodeling?

Estrogen is the primary hormone involved in bone remodeling.

What effect does testosterone have on muscle mass?

Testosterone increases muscle mass in males.

Where are the testes located, and why?

The testes are located outside the body to maintain a lower temperature for efficient sperm production.

What condition results from an imbalance in bone deposition and reabsorption?

Osteoporosis results from this imbalance.

What are slow-twitch fibers characterized by?

Slow-twitch fibers have many mitochondria and are fatigue-resistant.

What type of hormones are sex hormones?

Sex hormones are steroid hormones.

What defines fast-twitch muscle fibers?

Fast-twitch fibers have fewer mitochondria and fatigue faster.

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands?

Adrenal glands secrete hormones like adrenaline, testosterone, and estrogen.

How do estrogen and testosterone differ in their actions?

Estrogen feminizes and regulates female traits, whereas testosterone masculinizes and promotes male traits.

What is the function of leptin in female physiology?

Leptin is involved in regulating appetite and maintaining fertility.

What is the average percentage body fat for males compared to females?

Males typically have a body fat range of 3-29%, while females have a range of 12-32%.

How do blood vessel numbers compare between males and females?

Females generally have fewer blood vessels and less total blood volume than males.

What defines the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton comprises bones of the limbs and their girdles.

What are the two main components of the skeleton?

The two main components are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

What hormonal changes mark the onset of puberty?

Hormonal changes lead to sperm production in males and egg maturation in females.

How does fat distribution differ between genders?

Males and females store body fat in different locations, affecting appearance.

What is the role of FSH in human reproduction?

FSH stimulates sperm production in males and regulates ovulation in females.

How are muscle fibers structured?

Muscle fibers are parallel bundles that contain myofibrils.

What is the sliding-filament theory in muscle contraction?

It describes how myosin heads pull actin filaments, contracting the muscle.

What happens to the Z discs during muscle contraction?

Z discs are pulled inward, shortening the sarcomere and contracting the muscle.

How does body composition affect muscle appearance in males versus females?

Females typically have a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat, which smooths out muscle appearance.

What does the hypothalamus regulate regarding reproduction?

It regulates activities of the reproductive system through hormone secretion.