Physiology Exam 4 - Ch. 13-16

respiration (generally) requires the coordination of the __________ system and the __________ system

respiratory; circulatory

in respiration, the respiratory system’s purpose is…?

gas exchange with the environment

in respiration, the circulatory system’s purpose is…?

oxygen transport to tissues

__________ __________ conduct air between atmosphere and alveoli for gas exchange

respiratory airways

respiratory airways conduct air between _________ and __________ for gas exchange

atmosphere; alveoli

thoracic muscles (__________ and __________ muscles) regulate pumping and thoracic volume

diaphragm; intercostal

__________ __________ surrounds each lung, analogous to the pericardial sac in the cardiac system

pleural sac

__________ separates & lubricates lung & thorax movement during ventilation

pleura

what are the functions of the pleura during ventilation?

separate and lubricate lung and thorax movement

the pleura separates and lubricates _________ & __________ during ventilation

lung; thorax

pleural sac transfers __________ pressure gradient during inhalation

negative

what do goblet cells do?

produce mucus to trap particles

what do ciliated cells do?

mucociliary escalator - bring objects that don’t belong in the lungs up and out

what do club cells do?

secrete surfactants, detoxifying enzymes, & anti-inflammatory proteins - help to break surface tension of water (water wants it to collapse, these help to keep it open)

what do basal cells do?

progenitor cells, can turn into other types if the other cells get damaged

what do Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells (PNECs) do?

release hormones and neurotransmitters, respond to O₂ and CO₂, regulate airway diameter - afferent sensors → vagus nerve

what do type I alveolar cells do? they are also called..?

form thin barrier between air and capillary (like endothelial cells in capillaries), pneumocytes

what do type II alveolar cells do?

generate/produce surfactant

what kind of cell is cell A?

ciliated cell

what kind of cell is cell B?

club cell

what kind of cell is cell C?

goblet cell

what kind of cell is cell D?

basal cell

what kind of cell is cell E?

Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell (PNEC)

what kind of cell is cell F?

type I alveolar cell

what kind of cell is cell G?

type II alveolar cell

ciliated cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

trachea, bronchi

bronchioles to alveoli (ci)

club cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

trachea, bronchi

bronchioles to alveoli (cl)

goblet cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

trachea, bronchi

bronchioles to alveoli (g)

basal cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

trachea, bronchi

bronchioles to alveoli (b)

Pulmonary Neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

trachea, bronchi

bronchioles to alveoli

type I alveolar cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

alveoli

type II alveolar cells are found in which of the following (all that apply)

a. trachea, bronchi

b. bronchioles to alveoli

c. alveoli

alveoli

what kind of cells produce mucus to trap particles

goblet cells

what kind of cells are the mucociliary escalator, and bring objects that don’t belong in the lungs up and out

ciliated cells

what kind of cells secrete surfactants, detoxifying enzymes, and anti-inflammatory proteins

club cells

what type of cells are progenitor cells that can turn into other types if they are damaged

basal cells

what kind of cells release hormones and neurotransmitters, respond to O₂ and CO₂ and regulate airway diameter

Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells (PNECs)

what kind of cells form a thin barrier between the air and the capillaries in the lung?

type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

what kind of cells generate/produce surfactant

type II alveolar cells

__________ __________ bring air to alveolar sacs

terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles bring air to __________ _________

alveolar sacs

adjacent alveoli car connected by…?

pores of Kohn

what surrounds the alveoli, and is necessary for gas exchange?

extensive capillary network

the small radius of alveoli combines with their large number results in…?

large surface area

thin _______________ provide thin barrier between air and blood

type I alveolar cells (pneymocytes)

total surface area of lungs is about __________m², and if often compared to the surface area of a tennis court, but is close to …?

70-100m²; ½ of a singles court

is inhalation an active or passive process?

active

inhalation is the contraction of what muscles?

external intercostals and diaphragm

during inhalation, thorax expansion __________ pressure in lungs

decreases OR creates a negative

how does inhalation work?

the external intercostals and diaphragm contract, drawing the ribs up. this creates a negative pressure in the lungs, which draws air in so relieve the vacuum

is exhalation an active or passive process?

mostly passive in quiet breathing

exhalation is the relaxation and recoil of the…?

diaphragm and ribs

forced exhalation (heavy breathing) includes contraction of what muscles?

abdominal and internal intercostals

what is Boyle’s law?

P₁V₁=P₂V₂

compressing chamber volume __________ pressure

increasing

expanding chamber volume __________ pressure

decreases

resistance to airflow is inversely proportionate to…?

radius of conducting tube

what is the formula for airflow?

F=ΔP÷R

what is asthma

inflammation, mucus, bronchoconstriction

what condition is characterized by inflammation, mucus, and bronchoconstriction

asthma

what is bronchitis

inflammation, thickening of airways, and mucus

what condition is characterized by inflammation, thickening of airways, and mucus

bronchitis

parasympathetic stimulation results in broncho_______

constriction (smooth muscle constriction - R↑)

sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine results in broncho_______

dilation (smooth muscle relaxation - R↓)

healthy lung is __________ = needs little pressure difference to __________

compliant; expand

the healthy lung in compliant, unlike a lung with __________

fibrosis

in the process of ______________ elastin fibers and alveolar surface tension recoil lung tissue after expansion

elastic recoil

elastic recoil is made possible by elastin fibers and…?

alveolar surface tension

surface tension of __________ on alveolar surface constricts to collapse alveoli

water

_______ of water on alveolar surface constricts to collapse alceoli

surface tension

type II alveolar cells produce _________ - a mixture of proteins and phospholipids

pulmonary surfactant

what do surface tension and surfactant do?

increases pulmonary compliance to reduce work for inflation, and reduce recoil and collapse of alveoli

inspiration happens when ______ pressure < _______ pressure

intra-alveolar; atmospheric

expiration happens when ______ pressure > _______ pressure

intra-alveolar, atmospheric

intra-alveolar pressure equilibrates to _______ pressure

atmospheric

intrapleural pressure [< / >] intra-alveolar pressure

<

lungs are always being _____, even during expiration

stretched

what is a flail chest injury?

many ribs in one spot get broken - get pushed with air rather than the rest of the rib cage

what is tidal volume (TV)?

volume of air inhaled/exhaled during normal quiet breathing

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

volume of air forcefully inhaled beyond tidal volume

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

volume of air forcefully exhaled beyond tidal volume

what is residual volume (RV)?

volume of air in lungs after maximum forced exhalation

what is vital capacity (VC)?

maximum volume exhaled after maximum inhalation

what is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

maximum volume inhaled after normal exhalation

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)

volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation

what is the term used for the volume of air inhaled/exhaled during normal quiet breathing

tidal volume

what is the term used for the volume of air forcefully inhaled beyond tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

what is the term for the volume of air forcefully exhaled beyond tidal volue

expiratory reserve volume

what is the term for volume of air in lungs after maximum forced exhalation

residual volume

what is the term for total volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation

vital capacity

what is the term for the maximum volume inhaled after normal exhalation

inspiratory capacity

what is the volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation

functional residual capacity

efficient gas exchange requires matched __________ and __________

ventilation, perfusion

ventilation and perfusion are both greater at the ________ of the lungs, but this effect is greater on ________

bottom, perfusion

the “sweet spot” in the lungs where ventilation and perfusion overlap with V/Q is in what part of the lungs?

top-middle of the lungs

what happens to the arterioles and bronchioles in the presence of high O₂ in the lungs?

arterioles - vasodilation

bronchioles - minimal direct effect

what happens to the arterioles and bronchioles in the presence of low O₂ in the lungs?

arterioles - vasoconstriction

bronchioles - minimal direct effect

what happens to the arterioles and bronchioles in the presence of high CO₂ in the lungs?

arterioles - minimal direct effect

bronchioles - bronchodilation

what happens to the arterioles and bronchioles in the presence of low CO₂ in the lungs?

arterioles - minimal direct effect

bronchioles - bronchoconstriction

what is the formula for partial pressure of gas?

P=total pressure * fraction