AP Euro Unit 1 (9/20/22)

Themes of History- Political/Military

anything to do with government, political uprisings/revolutions, wars + treaties, the rights of people

Themes of History- Social/Economic

industrialization, production of agriculture, (changes in) social classes, diseases, changes in food supply, gender roles

Themes of History- Cultural/Intellectual

Religion + attitudes towards it, education, art, culture

Hanseatic League

made up of Northern German Coastal towns, they ran a monopoly on trade in the north

The Three Estates

First Estate → THE CLERGY, believed that people should be guided to spiritual ends
Second Estate → THE NOBILITY, privileges were based on the fact that nobles provided security and justice for society
Third Estate → PEASANTS + INHABITANTS (everybody else) that lived in the towns and cities

bourgeoisie

made up of wealthy merchants + artisans

Dowry

The amount of money presented by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage; marriage was a symbol of business + strengthening family ties, AS WELL AS THE SOCIAL LADDER

Who are the Medici's'

Helped Florence regain superiority in finance
House of Medici- The greatest bank in Europe
*They were principal bankers for the papacy
They produced big profits and influenced the papal court*

The Book of the Courtier- Baldassare Castiglione

A book about how nobles should act;
impeccable character, grace, talents, and noble birth
participate in the military
play musical instruments, draw, + paint
**They aimed to serve their prince in an effective + honest way**

Taille (France)

taxes on land + property annually without needing approval from the Estates-general (basically France's parliament)

Court of Star Chamber (England)

(King)Henry allowed the Court of Star Chamber to torture prisoners to extract information + didn’t use juries

Royal Council

stripped aristocrats of power over local government business replacing them with middle class lawyers loyal to the crown

The Spanish Inquisition

Jews were secretly practicing Jewish faith + F&I asked the pope to introduce the inquisition
Jews were expelled and/or killed if they did not convert to Catholicism

Ambassador

Changed from “Christendom first” to “State first”

Peace of Lodi

ended almost a half-century of war + inaugurated a relatively peaceful 40-year era in Italy (1454-1494)
(Milan, Florence, + Naples vs. Venice + the papacy)
(it failed to establish long-lasting cooperation between major powers or a common foreign policy)
**But this failed because the insecurities of the rulers led to the failure of their cooperation.

Ludovico Sforza (Duke of Milan) invited Charles I of France to be a part of Italian politics. Charles took over Naples, so other states looked for Ferdinand of Aragon for help. This led to Spain + France basically turning Italy into a warzone over land, because they knew Italy was not united enough to do anything about it.

The Prince- Machiavelli

basically a handbook on how a ruler should act in order to stay in power.
You know the rest...

Habsburg Dynasty

Kingdom in charge of the Holy Roman Empire but they don't have a lot of control

Ferdinand and Isabella

Got married to make Spain one huge kingdom
F--> Aragon
I --> Castile

Tudor Dynasty

(England)
Henry VIII was a Tudor
(I actually don't have any notes about the Tudor Dynasty so...)

scholasticism

**students were not encouraged to strive for undiscovered truth, the basic assumption was that truth already existed + the Church had all the knowledge**
All educational thought (in the middle ages) was derived from Christian sources + scholars were different to secular content of pagan writings like those from ancient Greece + Rome

Humanism

Intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greece + Rome
Examples: Machiavelli, Pico della Mirandola, Baldassare Castiglione

Civic Humanism

Developed in Florence + became tied to civic spirit and pride… + believed it was duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s state (be active in the community)

Neoplatonism

It’s a synthesis of Christianity + Platonism which emphasizes a link between body (material world) + soul (spiritual world) *individuals can have relationships with God directly + they don't have to go through a priest or Pope*

Hermeticism

Stressed the occult sciences with emphasis on astrology, alchemy(chemistry), + magic
Focused on theological + philosophical beliefs and speculation

Pantheism

seeing divinity embodied in heavenly bodies + earthly objects
Human beings had been created as divine beings provided with divine creative power but had freely chosen to enter the material world (nature)

Northern/Christian Humanism

Shared Italian humanists’ hatred for scholasticism but looked for ethical guidance from biblical + religious sources NOT classical antiquity (Greeks + Romans)**
Wanted to help reform the Church by getting back to its original values; simplicity, faith, charity**

Examples: Erasmus, Reuchlin, Sir Thomas (More Devote Catholics- never supported the split from reformation)

Petrarch

First intellectual to describe the Middle Ages as a period of darkness
Set in motion the ransacking of monastic libraries throughout Europe
Emphasized using pure classical Latin
Made it popular for humanists to use Cicero as a model for prose (flow of writing + Virgil for poetry

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Wrote “Oration on the Dignity of Man”- anyone can be what ever they want + think for themselves
He sought after the nuggets of universal truth + studies the works of many philosophers

Lorenzo Valla

**he studied language + through his analysis of Greek/Latin texts he would work to discredit forged documents

**The Donation of Constantine: Document the Church dated back to the 4th Century (Emperor Constantine) that guaranteed the Papacy’s rights to temporal rule in W. Europe

The Church was proved to be lying… opened door to many more questions + doubts regarding the Catholic Church

Erasmus

**Aspired to unite the classical ideas of humanity + civic virtue with Christian ideals of love and piety

Most famous northern Humanist (gained fame as a Dutch educational/ religious reformer through his witty satire)

Believed on studying the classics AND the Bible as a way to reform the individual and society

Reuchlin Affair

Reuchlin believed in using old literature to learn from (ex. Bible)
people wanted to ban the Torah (Jewish book of faith) but Reuchli (and many others) believed that it would be detrimental to society to get rid of it. This lasted several years

Sir Thomas More

Best known English humanist,
In Utopia (he wrote it), he depicts an imaginary society based on reason + tolerance that overcame social/political injustice by holding all property + goods common, requiring everyone to earn their bread by their own work (communism)
Became one of Henry VIII’s most trusted diplomats yet his refusal to accept Henry as the head of the English Church or recognize the King’s marriage to Anne Boleyn led to his execution