digestive organ functions, resp physio terms, and more

appendix

protects and houses beneficial intestinal bacteria during illness and aid in their return after

esophagus

transfers food, liquid, and saliva from the pharynx to the stomach

gallbladder

stores bile, which helps the digestive system break down fats

large intestine

absorb water from remaining food waste, which turns liquid waste into solid stool

rect*m

collects and holds feces until it is time to release it

salivary glands

produces saliva which coats food and makes it easier to chew and swallow and initiates chemical digestion through amylase in saliva

small intestine

absorbs nutrients and water by breaking down food and and fluid

stomach

secretes enzymes and hydrochloric acid which beings the digestion of food

epiglottis

prevents food and liquid from entering trachea and directs into esophagus

trachea

allows esophagus to expand and contract, facilitating safe swallowing / facilitates a passage for air to enter and leave the lungs

spleen

filters blood by removing cellular waste and getting rid of old or damaged blood cells, stores platelets and white blood cells

rugae of stomach

increase the surface area available for digestion

liver

produces bile, which helps break down fats

absorptive cells of intestinal villus

absorb digestive nutrients (monosaccharides, fatty acids, water, etc.)

goblet cells of large intestine

produce and secrete mucins to form a protective and lubricating mucus layer

lacteals of intestines

absorb dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins too large for capillaries

pancreas

release enzymes that help digest starches, fats, and sugars

mouth

initiates digestion through chewing and saliva production

villus of intestines

increase surface area available for nutrient absorption

tidal volume

air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (500mL)

inspiratory reserve volume

air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100-3200mL)

expiratory reserve volume

air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200mL)

residual volume

air left in the lungs after strenous expiration (1200mL)

vital capacity

total amount of exchangeable air

vital capacity formula

VC = TV+IRV+ERV

total lung capacity formula

TLC = VC+RV

blood buffer system equation + words

H2O+CO2 —> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+, water + carbon dioxide —> carbonic acid —> bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase), maintains blood pH in normal range (a buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH)

blood buffer system model/demonstration

started with water (and NaOH) and pink (basic), blew CO2 into solution and became acidic (yellow) b/c of blood buffer equatoin, indicator was phenol red

pathway of food

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large insestine, rectum, anus