TPJ3MI - Unit 5: Nervous System

nervous system

neurologist (2)

• test function of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• diagnoses disorders/diseases

neurosurgeon (1)

• performs surgery on brain, spinal cord, etc

physiotherapist (1)

• provides rehab post-stroke, brain injuries, etc

occupational therapist (2)

• assures home fits wheelchair

• splinting

nurses (1)

daily care

central nervous system (CNS) (2)

what makes up this system? what is its function?

1. consists of brain & spinal cord

2. receives & analyzes info from the body to make a response

peripheral nervous system (PNS) (2)

what makes up this system?

function — sends info from __ to _ by? sends info about? using?

1. consists of spinal and cranial nerves that gather from inside & outside the body using receptors to send to brain

2. carries electrical signals from CNS to body

   1. sends info from brain and spinal cord to the body by motor nerves, to tell the body to move or breathe, digest, run, etc

   2. sends info about environment to the brain using sensory nerves and our 5 senses

parts of a neuron? (9)

1. dendrites

2. nucleus

3. axons

4. cell body

5. schwann cells

6. node of ranvier

7. myelin sheath

8. axon terminals

9. synapse

parts of a neuron: dendrites (1)

nerve endings that collect stimuli from other neurons and transport them TOWARD the cell body

parts of a neuron: nucleus (2)

1. contains genetic info

2. regulates amount and types of proteins made in the cell

parts of a neuron: axons (1)

1. transmits the electrical impulses AWAY from the cell body

parts of a neuron: soma (cell body) (2)

1. controls the function of the cell

2. contains organelles (e.g. nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria)

parts of a neuron: schwann cells (1)

1. sheet-like cell that grows around the axon to form the myelin sheath

parts of a neuron: node of ranvier (1)

1. gap between segments of myelin sheath on an axon

parts of a neuron: myelin sheath (2)

1. cover axon fibres like an insulated wire

2. allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently

parts of a neuron: axon terminals (1)

1. the ends of the axons which come close to the dendrites of other neurons

parts of a neuron: synapse (1)

1. small pocket of space between 2 neurons, where they can pass messages to communicate

types of neurons: sensory neurons (1)

1. carry signals from sense receptors (e.g. our skin) to CNS

types of neurons: motor neurons (1)

1. carry impulses from the brain to muscles for movement or a gland for hormone secretion

types of neurons: interneurons (1)

1. form bridges to transmit impulses between other neurons

spinal cord (4):

shape? contains what neurons? contains what that connects to ..? how does it work?

1. cylinder of neurons that runs down vertebral canal from brain to sacrum

2. contains pathways that connect the brain to the body

3. contains sensory, motor, and interneurons

4. electrical impulse travel up and down the spinal cord so body can communicate with brain

organization of the spinal cord: white matter (2)

what is it made of? function?

1. bundles of myelinated axons

2. provide communication between gray matter areas and the rest of the body

organization of the spinal cord: gray matter (2)

what is it made of? function?

1. what is it made out of? cells bodies and dendrites — covered with synapses

2. where information processing happens

function of the brain (3)

produce? receive? divisions?

1. brain cells produce electrical signals and send them along circuits

2. also receives and analyzes electrical signals

3. three main divisions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

cerebrum (5)

most ___ ? made of? divided into ___ ? connected by __ ? function of the left & right _ ?

1. most complex part

2. made of

   1. outer tissue is non-myelinated gray matter

   2. inner tissue is myelinated white matter

3. divided into TWO hemispheres

4. hemispheres are connected by a myelinated nerve tract called the corpus callosum

5. function of the right and left hemisphere

   1. right hemisphere controls left half of the body

   2. left hemisphere controls right half of the body

lobes of the cerebrum (4)

Just the names

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal lobe

4. Occipital lobe

PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM: frontal lobe function (4)

1. controls voluntary movement

2. use of language

3. intellect

4. personality

PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM: parietal lobe function (1)

1. sensory information

   E.g. heat, cold, pain, touch & body position in space

PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM: temporal lobe function (4)

1. sense of hearing

2. sense of smell

3. memory

4. judgement

PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM: occipital lobe function (1)

1. sense of vision

parts of the brain stem? (5)

1. medulla oblongata

2. pons

3. midbrain

4. thalamus

5. hypothalamus

cerebellum (5)

divided into __? location? function — maintains, receives, & gives info to?

1. divided into TWO hemispheres

2. located on the bottom of the occipital lobe

3. function:

   1. maintains posture, balance, and coordinates skeletal muscle movement

   2. receives information from inner ear and receptors in muscles

   3. cerebrum gives information to cerebellum to be refined and then it goes to body

brain stem (4)

connects? acts as? controls? houses what?

1. connects spinal cord to brain

2. acts as a pathway, sending info between the 2 parts

3. controls basic function (e.g. breathing, heartbeat, eye reflexes)

4. houses cranial nerves

parts of the brain stem: medulla oblongata (3)

controls? centre for? controls what part of the nervous system?

1. controls breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, vasoconstriction/dilation of blood vessels

2. the centre for reflex actions like sneezing, coughing, vomiting, etc

3. controls the autonomic nervous system

parts of the brain stem: pons (2)

function? contains? relays? what kind of movements?

1. bridge for nerve impulses going between cerebrum and cerebellum

2. contains nuclei of cranial nerves

   1. relays sensory information from ear and face

   2. eye and face movements

parts of the brain stem: midbrain (3)

connects? station for what systems? involved with control of?

1. also connects cerebrum with cerebellum

2. relay station for visual and auditory systems

3. involved in the control of body movement

parts of the brain stem: thalamus (3)

has how many lobes? what systems relays info through _ to _ ? regulates?

1. has 2 lobes

2. sensory systems relay info through the thalamus to the brain to be processed (e.g. info about touch, pain, temperature)

3. regulation of sleep and consciousness, anger, and aggression

parts of the brain stem: hypothalamus (3)

controls? regulates? controls release from?

1. controls body temperature, appetite for food/drink

2. regulates sleep

3. controls hormone release from pituitary gland that controls parts of metabolism, sexual development, and emotional responses

blood supply comes from? (3)

1. carotid arteries - run up each side of the neck

2. vertebral arteries - run alongside the spinal cord

3. the circle of willis - a ring of communication that encircle the base of the brain and provides multiple pathways

what are the types of protective barriers? (4)

1. blood brain barrier

2. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

3. meninges

4. bony protection

types of protective barriers: blood brain barrier (3)

layer of ? why is it important? made of how many components ?

1. layer of protection surrounding most of the blood vessels in the brain

2. importance: helps to keep most toxins out

3. made of 3 components

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER — the components (3)

what kind of cells? how are the cells structured & what is it made out of? what cells allow accepted substances in?

1. specialized endothelial cells — lines the wall of blood vessels & provide protection

2. these cells have tight junctions — made of proteins, fill the spaces between the cells & block most substances from passing through blood vessels to enter the brain

3. astrocytic end feet formed by astrocyte cells pass accepted substances (e.g. glucose to neurons to provide nourishment)

types of protective barriers: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (4)

what is it? what structure makes it? contains & guards it against? protects?

1. what is it? clear fluid that brain floats in

2. produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles of the brain

3. contains protein and glucose to provide brain energy and lymphocytes to guard against infection

4. protects & nourishes the brain and spinal cord

FLOW OF CSF (4)

PDFR acronym

1. produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles of the brain

2. drains into the third and fourth ventricles

3. then flows around the brain and spinal cord

4. then reabsobred into the bloodstream

types of protective barriers: meninges (2)

function? enclose & protect what?

1. function: protect and cover

2. enclose & protect the vessels that supply the brain

MENINGES — 3 connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

1st layer - what tissue is it made out of?

2nd layer - strands that attach it to what layer?

3rd layer - is bound to the surface of __ & __ __

1. dura mater - superficial layer, tough connective tissue

2. arachnoid mater - thin layer; like a cobweb with threadlike strands attaching it to the deepest layer

3. pia mater - deepest layer, thin, delicate membrane that is slightly bound to surface of brain & spinal cord

types of protective barriers: bony protection (2)

1. the bony skull protects the brain

2. the vertebrae protects the spinal cord

name the divisions of the PNS (2 —> 2 & 2)

1. autonomic nervous system (ANS)

   1. sympathetic nervous system

   2. parasympathetic nervous system

2. somatic nervous system (SNS)

   1. sensory nerves

   2. motor nerves

autonomic nervous system (ANS) (4)

controls? what type of muscle? how many parts? what effect do these parts have? how do they work to maintain homeostasis?

1. controls involuntary functions such as sweating, digestion

2. cardiac & smooth muscle

3. two parts

4. each system has an opposing effect on the same organ

5. they balance e/o to maintain homeostasis

ANS - sympathetic system (SNS) (7)

1. flight or fight response

2. release of adrenaline

3. increased HR, BP, breathing rate

4. decreased digestion

5. pupils dilate

6. broncho-dilate airways

7. opposite effects of parasympathetic drive

ANS - parasympathetic (PNS) (8)

1. rest and digest response

2. normal everyday stabilizing system (homeostasis)

3. release of acetylcholine

4. decreased HR, BP, breathing rate

5. increased digestion

6. pupil constriction

7. broncho-constrict airways

8. opposite effects of sympathetic drive

somatic nervous system (SNS) (4)

responsible for? voluntary or involuntary? what muscle? how many divisions?

1. responsible for making muscles work

2. voluntary

3. skeletal muscle

4. made of 2 divisions

SNS - afferent nerves (1)

brings sensory input to brain (e.g. hearing, vision, taste, and touch)

SNS - efferent nerves (1)

put into action the orders from the brain

how to take care of our nervous system? (5)

1. protection - helmets, seatbelts, common sense

2. avoid things that hurt it - smoking, vaping, drugs, alcohol

3. nutrition - veggies & fruit, fatty fish, avocado, flaxseed oil, nuts & seeds

4. exercise body daily

5. exercise brain - stay curious, sudoku, cross-words, puzzles, learning new things

spinal cord injuries (4)

cause? (4) ability to repair? results in? treatment (6)?

1. cause: spinal cord is injured due to fracture, compression, infection, cancer, etc

2. ***once damaged, it is unable to repair itself***

3. results in paralysis or limited movement and/or sensation

   • paralysis and sensation loss vary w/ area of spinal cord & level of completeness

4. treatment: cannot be fixed therefore aimed at maximizing function

   1. rehab for bed & transfer mobility

   2. wheelchair fit

   3. foley catheter

   4. pressure sore assessment & education

   5. psychologist to address coping with life-altering change

   6. home assessment

SPINAL CORD INJURIES: tetraplegia/quadriplegia & paraplegia

1. tetraplegia/quadriplegia — the partial or total loss of use of all 4 limbs & torso; sensory & motor

2. paraplegia — paralysis of all or part of the trunk, legs, pelvic organs; sensor & motor

primitive reflexes (4)

voluntary or involuntary? present in what ages? examples (3)? what do they indicate after the normal age range?

1. involuntary responses arising from the CNS (the brainstem)

2. typically present in infants up to 2 years old and then disappear

3. e.g. Babinski response, Moro reflex, grasping response

4. pathological if found in adults, means they are abnormal & indicate an underlying problem w/ nervous system

deep tendon reflexes (4)

what is it? when does it occur and how? is the brain involved? example?

1. what is it? a spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus

2. occurs automatically, without conscious thought or effort

3. the brain is not involved in the response

4. e.g. knee-jerk reflex

   1. the patellar ligament is tapped

   2. this creates a nerve impulse which travels along sensory neurons to the spinal cord, then onto a motor neuron

   3. then impulse travels back to the thigh muscle causing them to contract

components of a reflex arc (6)

1. stimulus

2. receptor

   1. senses or registers deviations from homeostasis

   2. e.g. pain/temperature receptors, nose, ears, pressure, chemo-receptors in blood vessels

3. sensory or afferent nerve

   1. carries signal from receptor to spinal cord

4. interneuron

   1. within the spinal cord to link afferent to efferent nerves

5. motor or efferent nerve

   1. carries response signal from spinal cord to effector organ

6. effector organ

   1. carries out response

   2. e.g. muscles, glands

disorders of the nervous system - multiple sclerosis (6)
what is it? cause? what happens if __ are damaged? who is at risk (2)? symptoms & treatment (2)

1. what is it? destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain & spinal cord

2. cause: autoimmune - the body attacks the myelin and scar tissue replaces the destroyed myelin

3. if the nerves are damaged, nerve signals cannot get through & voluntary control of muscles decrease

4. risk factors: females are at a higher risk & increased cases farther away from equator

5. progressive

6. symptoms & treatment: medications based on symptoms (e.g. meds for muscle spasms, pain, inflammation), and rehab based on symptoms (e.g. mobility aids, splints on weakened joints, massage for tight muscles)

disorders of the nervous system - epilepsy (7)

what is it? what causes a seizure? could begin w/ what? can indicate what? cure? causes (4)? treatment (3)?

1. what is it? group of brain disorders characterized by seizures over time

2. seizure is caused by abnormal electrical activity in 1 part of brain or in the whole brain

3. might begin with aura

4. can be a symptom of an underlying problem but in many cases the cause is unknown

5. no cure yet

6. possible causes: brain injury, chemical imbalance, brain tumour, infections

7. treatment: first aid during a seizure, managed with meds, surgery to address cause (e.g. brain bleed, tumour, abnormal vessels)

disorders of the nervous system - parkinson’s disease (5)

what is it? signs (3)? cause? risk factor? treatment (3)?

1. what is it? degeneration of brain cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

2. signs: characterized by tremors, difficulty initiating movement (esp walking), and deficits in coordination

3. progressive; unknown cause

4. risk increases with age >50

5. treatment: no cure, goal of treatment is control of symptoms

   1. synthetic dopamine medication (L-dopa)

   2. rehab - strengthening, stretching, improving coordination, splinting, etc

   3. mobility aids for balance

disorders of the nervous system - cerebral vascular incident CVI (Stroke) (5)

what is it? causes __ to part of _ ? symptoms (4 + ACRONYM), types & causes? (2) treatment? (4)

1. what is it? a blockage or a bleed of a cerebral artery that blocks blood supply to the brain

2. this causes a lack of oxygen to part of the brain

3. symptoms: weakness/numbness on one side of the body, vision changes, slurred speech, imbalance,

   1. F - FACE; has their face fallen on one side? can they smile?

   2. A - ARMS; can they raise both arms and keep them there?

   3. S - SPEECH; is their speech slurred?

   4. T - TIME; call 911 if you see any of these signs

4. types/causes:

   1. ischemic (lack of oxygen) - due to a clot or narrowing or an artery

   2. hemorrhagic - due to a bleed

5. treatment of CVI due to a clot:

   1. clot-busting meds to dissolve blood clot

   2. blood thinners

   3. rehab for weakness; splinting; mobility aids, learning how to sit, stand, walk, talk

   4. diet & lifestyle education (e.g. low sodium diet, increased cardio exercise)

disorders of the nervous system - transient ischemic attack (3)

what is it? symptoms? treatment? (3)

1. what is it? temporary blockage of cerebral artery blood supply

2. symptoms: same as CVI but last few mins → few hours and will fully resolve

3. treatment:

   1. underlying cause (e.g. quitting smoking, changes in diet, increased exercise, stress)

   2. possibly blood thinners

   3. regular checkups for high BP (b/c of risk factor)

disorders of the nervous system - meningitis (6)

what is it? cause (2)? symptoms (6)? depending on severity? diagnosis? treatment (2)?

1. what is it? inflammation of the meninges

2. cause: viral or bacterial infection

3. symptoms: high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, neck pain, dislike to bright light

4. Might be taken to the hospital

5. diagnosis: lumbar puncture

6. treatment:

   1. bacterial → antibiotic treatment & ICU admission

   2. viral → no specific treatment, rest, fluids, pain meds, takes a few weeks to recover

disorders of the nervous system - concussion (3)

what is it? signs & symptoms (10)? treatment (5)?

1. what is it? temporary disturbance of the brain’s ability to function

2. signs & symptoms: headache, loss of consciousness (not always), confusion, amnesia, dizziness, ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, sensitivity to light

3. treatment: everyone recovers differently. rest, lots of sleep, no alcohol or drugs, avoid looking at screens, consult health care provider.

disorders of the nervous system - alzheimer’s disease (4)

what is it? what is affected? cause? treatment (5)?

1. what is it? general mental deterioration caused by plaques & tangles

2. what is affected? gradual loss of memory (esp short term) and powers of judgement, speech & body coordination may be affected

3. no known cause or cure but lots of research is being conducted

4. treatment:

   1. medication to slow down progression

   2. establish a daily routine to help w/ memory

   3. post-it notes to help recognition of things in home (e.g. stove, fridge)

   4. photo album w/ relatives pictures & names to help w/ pictures

   5. schedule activities of daily living like bathing, meds, mealtimes