AP human Geo unit 4 review

What is needed for a place to be considered a State

• Defined territory with borders

• Permanent population

• Government

• Sovereignty

Nation

group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity and heritage

Nation-state

border of nation match the borders of the state, a state with ideally only one nation within it. Ex: Japan mainly made up of Japanese

Stateless nation

nations of people without a state to occupy.

Ex: Kurds

Multistate nation

consists of a nation of people that live in one or more state

Multinational state

a country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders

Autonomous / semi autonomous region

location within a state that is given authority to govern independently from the national government

ex: Hong Kong

Territoriality

The willingness of a country, group or individual to defend their space

Devolution

the process by which central governments grant powers to lower levels of government, often resulting in increased autonomy for regions.

Choke point

place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

Physical boundaries

boundaries or divisions between people that are created by a physical feature of the land such as a river, mountains, oceans or Deserts

Cultural Boundaries

divisions of people according to some cultural divisions such as language, religion, or ethnicity.

Antecedent boundary

A boundary that preceded the development of humans and is often based on physical features like rivers or mountains.

Subsequent boundary

A boundary that is developed when a cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time. These boundaries are established after a population has settled and are influenced by cultural factors. This type of boundary often reflects the social, economic, or political dynamics that exist in the area.

Superimposed boundary

A boundary that is created when an outside organization draws boundaries on land that may have existing cultural boundaries.

Ex: Berlin Conference created superimposed boundaries in Africa

Relic Boundary

a boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes. It may still have cultural significance or impact on the landscape, even though it is no longer recognized as an official boundary.

Ex: Berlin Wall or Great Wall of China

Geometric Boundary

a Boundary created that does not match physical features of cultural boundaries but is based on longitude or latitude

Consequent boundary

A boundary that is developed when a cultural landscape is in flux and takes into account existing cultural groups

Ex: India and Pakistan boundaries represent separation of Hindu’s and Muslims

Delimited Boundary

A boundary that has been officially drawn on a map, often using precise measurements, but may not yet be established on the ground.

Demarcated Boundary

A boundary that has been marked on the ground with physical objects such as fences, walls, or signs to signify the limits of a territory.

Irredentism

The political movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy land that the group considers to be lost or rightfully theirs, often based on historical or ethnic claims.

Requirements for Voting Districts

• similar population size

• Contiguous, a single, unbroken shape

• Compact, smooth rather than contorted

Gerrymandering

Redistricting for a political advantage, when the political party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend political power.

Packing

clustering like minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts

Cracking

Dispersing like minded voters among multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority.

Representative districts

the ideal, in which the voting districts are equal in population, contiguous and compact. They are truly representative of the people living the district.

Federal form of government

Style of government in which power is shared between central, regional and local governments.

Unitary government

Style of government in which the power is located centrally and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy

Factors that lead to devolution

• Physical geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Economic or Social Problems

• Irredentism

How physical geography can lead to devolution

Regions that are separated due to geographic features are going to interact less and become more different so devolution will occur and locals will seek more power

How can Ethnic Separatism lead to devolution

People of a ethnicity in a multinational state may identify more strongly with their ethnic group than as a citizens of states.

How can Ethnic Cleansing lead to devolution

State governments attack an ethnic group in an attempt to eliminate them through, imprisonment or mass murder.

Ethnonationalism

When the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, language and religion which creates a sense of pride and ties them to a territory.