BIO 212 Q5

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Phylogeny

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the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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systematics

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classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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Phylogeny/Cladogram

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57 Terms

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Phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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systematics

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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Systematists use ___ to infer evolutionary relationships

fossil, morphological, and molecular data

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Taxonomy

the ordered division and naming of organisms

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Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on

resemblances

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binomial

The two-part scientific name of a species

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genus

the first part of the name

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specific epithet [i.e., species]

the second part of the name, unique for each kind within the genus

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the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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taxon

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching

phylogenetic trees

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A phylogenetic tree represents a

hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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each branch point represents

the divergence of two species

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Sister taxa

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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a rooted tree includes

a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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basal taxon [outgroup]

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

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polytomy

a branch from which more than two groups emerge

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Phylogenetic trees show ____ not ____

patterns of descent, phenotypic similarity

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Phylogenetic trees typically do not indicate

when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage

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To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about

morphologies, genes, and biochemistry of living organisms

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homologies

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

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When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of

homology or analogy

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Homology

similarity due to shared ancestry

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analogy

similarity due to convergent evolution

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bat and bird wings are homologous as

forelimbs

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bat and bird wings are analogous as

functional wings

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Convergent evolution occurs when

similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar [analogous] adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

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Molecular systematics

uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

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Cladistics

groups organisms by common descent

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clade

includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

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monophyletic grouping

a valid clade, consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

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paraphyletic grouping

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

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polyphyletic grouping

consists of various species with different ancestors

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<p>What type of grouping is this?</p>

What type of grouping is this?

monophyletic

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<p>What type of grouping is this?</p>

What type of grouping is this?

Paraphyletic

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<p>What type of grouping is this?</p>

What type of grouping is this?

Polyphyletic

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shared ancestral character

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

ex. vertebratal column

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shared derived character

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

ex. hair

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outgroup

species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup

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ingroup

the various species being studied

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Systematists compare each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between

shared ancestral and shared derived characteristics

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In some trees, the length of a branch can reflect the

number of genetic changes that have taken place

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Methods of narrowing the possibilities of the best phylogenetic tree

maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood

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Maximum parsimony assumes that

the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events [appearances of shared derived characters] is the most likely

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maximum likelihood states that

given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

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Phylogenetic bracketing

allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents

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What are some shared features of birds and crocodiles?

four-chambered hearts, vocalization, nest building, and brooding

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The shared features of birds and crocodiles likely evolved in a

common ancestor

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The shared features of birds and crocodiles were

shared by all of its descendants, including dinosaurs

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What is a valuable approach for tracing organisms’ evolutionary history?

Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness

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Ribosomal RNA changes

relatively slowly

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Ribosomal RNA is useful for investigating

branching points hundreds of millions of years ago

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mtDNA evolves

rapidly

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mtDNA can be used to

explore recent evolutionary events

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-nae

sub family

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-dae

family

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What are the three domains?

the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya