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BIO 212 Q5
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Phylogeny/Cladogram
Biology
Evolution
University/Undergrad
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57 Terms
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Phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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systematics
classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
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Systematists use ___ to infer evolutionary relationships
fossil, morphological, and molecular data
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Taxonomy
the ordered division and naming of organisms
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Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on
resemblances
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binomial
The two-part scientific name of a species
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genus
the first part of the name
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specific epithet \[i.e., species\]
the second part of the name, unique for each kind within the genus
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the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
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taxon
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
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Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching
phylogenetic trees
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A phylogenetic tree represents a
hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
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each branch point represents
the divergence of two species
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Sister taxa
groups that share an immediate common ancestor
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a rooted tree includes
a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
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basal taxon \[outgroup\]
diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group
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polytomy
a branch from which more than two groups emerge
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Phylogenetic trees show ____ not ____
patterns of descent, phenotypic similarity
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Phylogenetic trees typically do not indicate
when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage
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To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about
morphologies, genes, and biochemistry of living organisms
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homologies
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
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When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of
homology or analogy
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Homology
similarity due to shared ancestry
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analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
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bat and bird wings are homologous as
forelimbs
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bat and bird wings are analogous as
functional wings
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Convergent evolution occurs when
similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar \[analogous\] adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
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Molecular systematics
uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
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Cladistics
groups organisms by common descent
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clade
includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
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monophyletic grouping
a valid clade, consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
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paraphyletic grouping
consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
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polyphyletic grouping
consists of various species with different ancestors
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What type of grouping is this?
monophyletic
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What type of grouping is this?
Paraphyletic
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What type of grouping is this?
Polyphyletic
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shared ancestral character
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
ex. vertebratal column
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shared derived character
an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
ex. hair
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outgroup
species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup
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ingroup
the various species being studied
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Systematists compare each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between
shared ancestral and shared derived characteristics
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In some trees, the length of a branch can reflect the
number of genetic changes that have taken place
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Methods of narrowing the possibilities of the best phylogenetic tree
maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood
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Maximum parsimony assumes that
the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events \[appearances of shared derived characters\] is the most likely
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maximum likelihood states that
given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
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Phylogenetic bracketing
allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents
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What are some shared features of birds and crocodiles?
four-chambered hearts, vocalization, nest building, and brooding
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The shared features of birds and crocodiles likely evolved in a
common ancestor
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The shared features of birds and crocodiles were
shared by all of its descendants, including dinosaurs
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What is a valuable approach for tracing organisms’ evolutionary history?
Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness
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Ribosomal RNA changes
relatively slowly
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Ribosomal RNA is useful for investigating
branching points hundreds of millions of years ago
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mtDNA evolves
rapidly
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mtDNA can be used to
explore recent evolutionary events
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\-nae
sub family
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\-dae
family
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What are the three domains?
the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya
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