Kin 272 Lecture Exam 3

Cholesterol is contained in each of the following complexes. Which of the following is created in the liver and delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissue?

Select one:

a. Chylomicrons

b. VLDL

c. LDL

d. HDL

C

Which of the following molecules is an intermediate in the breakdown of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids?

Select one:

a. Pyruvate

b. Acetyl CoA

c. Leucine

d. Lactic acid

b

Many choice: The citric acid cycle produces

Select one or more:

a. High energy electrons

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon dioxide

a, c

Which of the following is directly generated by the electron transport chain

Select one:

a. Fruits, mostly oranges

b. A hydrogen ion gradient

c. CO2

d. Oxygen

e. High energy electrons

b

Catabolism refers to

Select one:

a. Building larger molecules from smaller

b. Breakdown of larger molecules to smaller

b

Which of the following hormones regulates blood glucose in the post-absorptive state?

Select one:

a. Ghrelin

b. Glucagon

c. Insulin

d. Gastrin

e. Glycogen

b

Which of the following processes would you expect to increase most in an individual who is starving?

Select one:

a. Glycogen synthesis

b. Triglyceride storage

c. Gluconeogenesis

d. Protein synthesis

c

Which of the following molecules is an intermediate in the breakdown of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids?

Select one:

a. Leucine

b. Pyruvate

c. Lactic acid

d. Acetyl CoA

d

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of fatty acid?

Select one:

a. The electron transport chain

b. The citric acid cycle

c. Glycolysis

d. Beta oxidation

e. Deamination

d

While reading this question your body is

Select one:

a. Using ATP

b. Not using ATP

a

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of glucose?

Select one:

a. Beta oxidation

b. Glycolysis

c. The electron transport chain

d. Deamination

e. The citric acid cycle

b

The electron transport chain is located in the

Select one:

a. Mitochondrial outer membrane

b. Cytoplasm

c. Mitochondrial matrix

d. Mitochondrial inner membrane

d

The dominant hormone in the absorptive state is

Select one:

a. Ghrelin

b. Glucagon

c. Insulin

d. Cortisol

e. Glycogen

Question 14

c

The excess production of ketoacids in diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by

Select one:

a. A buildup of acetyl CoA within the cell.

b. A buildup of glucose within the cell.

c. A buildup of fatty acids within the cell.

d. A buildup of amino acids within the cell.

a

Those suffering from diabetes mellitus may experience ketoacidosis. This is due to a buildup of

Select one:

a. Oxaloacetate

b. Acetyl CoA

c. Lactic acid

d. Pyruvate

b

Many choice: Acetyl CoA may result from the breakdown of

Select one or more:

a. Lipids

b. Carbohydrate

c. Protein

a, b, c

Which of the following enzymes directly synthesizes ATP?

Select one:

a. ATP synthase

b. Phosphofructokinase

c. Ubiquinone

d. Cytochrome C

e. Lactate dehydrogenase

a

Of the processes below, which is the first step in catabolism of amino acids?

Select one:

a. Deamination

b. The citric acid cycle

c. Beta oxidation

d. The electron transport chain

e. Glycolysis

a

When in negative energy balance, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Select one:

a. Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)

b. Decreased basal metabolic rate

c. No change in basal metabolic rate

b

Urea is formed when ______________ is broken down to produce ATP

Select one:

a. Fat

b. Protein

c. Lipid

b

In brown fat cells, the mitochondrial inner membrane has holes that allow ions to leak into the mitochondrial matrix. This would result in ______________ from enzymes in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Select one:

a. Increased ATP synthesis and increased heat production

b. Decreased ATP synthesis and decreased heat production

c. Increased ATP synthesis but decreased heat production

d. Decreased ATP synthesis but increased heat production

d

Which of the following processes produces most CO2 in cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. Glycolysis

b. The electron transport chain

c. Deamination

d. The citric acid cycle

e. Beta oxidation

d

Which of the following provides energy for the enzyme ATP synthase?

Select one:

a. A hydrogen ion gradient

b. ADP + Pi

c. A sodium ion gradient

d. A potassium ion gradient

e. ATP

a

Which of the following is anaerobic?

Select one:

a. The electron transport chain

b. Glycolysis

c. The citric acid cycle

b

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the absorptive state?

Select one:

a. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

b. Breakdown of proteins to aid in glucose formation

a

Anabolism refers to the

Select one:

a. Breakdown of smaller molecules into larger

b. Building larger molecules from smaller

b

Which of the following processes predominates in the absorptive state?

Select one:

a. Glycogen synthesis

b. Beta oxidation

c. Deamination

d. Protein degradation

a

Where is urine adjusted to its final concentration via controlled reabsorption of water?

Select one:

a. The nephron loop

b. The proximal convoluted tubule

c. The glomerulus

d. The collecting duct

e. The bladder

d

Through the wonders of gene therapy, imagine we were able to synthesize the enzyme "cellulase." This enzyme breaks down cellulose, which makes up wood. Cellulose is a polysaccharide. If this were the case, what would you expect would happen if we ate wood? (You may imagine that we liquefied the wood in a blender, so didn't have to worry about chewing or mechanical breakdown).

Select one:

a. We would not be able to make ATP from the wood because there are no calories in wood.

b. We would not be able to make ATP from the wood because it would travel too quickly through the digestive system.

c. We would make about the same amount of ATP from the wood as we would from an equal amount of pasta.

d. We would make about the same amount of ATP as we would from an equal amount of olive oil

c

If ADH levels are high, you would expect the concentration of urine to be close to

Select one:

a. The concentration of fluid at the junction of the cortex and medulla

b. The concentration of interstitial fluid deep in the medulla

c. The concentration of fluid in the superficial cortex

b

The interstitial fluid becomes highly concentrated deep in the renal medulla because

Select one:

a. Reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted.

b. The juxtaglomerular complex is most active deep in the medulla.

c. Countercurrent multiplication increases sodium reabsorption deep in the medulla.

d. Reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted.

c

Angiotensin II causes systemic

Select one:

a. Vasodilation

b. Vasoconstriction

b

Renin is released from cells in the

Select one:

a. Afferent arteriole

b. Nephron loop

c. Juxtaglomerular complex

d. Collecting duct

e. Efferent arteriole

c

Urine is eliminated from the body directly from the

Select one:

a. Bladder

b. Kidney

c. Ureter

d. Urethra

d

What would be the effect of having chronically elevated levels of renin and low levels of ADH? The osmolarity of the blood would be

Select one:

a. High

b. Low

c. Unchanged

a

Scenario: the osmolarity of filtrate in the collecting duct is 300 mOsm/L and osmolarity in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting duct is 1200 mOsm/L. If there were no ADH in our systems, osmolarity of the urine would be approximately

Select one:

a. 300 mOsm/L

b. 900 mOsm/L

c. 1200 mOsm/L

d. 1500 mOsm/L

a

Which of the following ions most determines reabsorption of water from the filtrate (i.e., water follows ____________)?

Select one:

a. Potassium

b. Sodium

c. Bicarbonate

d. Calcium

e. Magnesium

b

The symptom shared by diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus is

Select one:

a. Decreased blood sugar

b. Decreased urine production

c. Increased blood sugar

d. Increased ATP formation

e. Increased urine production

e

Many choice: Which of the following forces moves substances into the filtrate in the glomerulus?

Select one or more:

a. Hydrostatic pressure

b. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

c. Facilitated diffusion

a

Many choice: A person with diabetes mellitus is prone to kidney failure. Which of the following would be a concern?

Select one or more:

a. Anemia

b. Abnormal electrolyte levels

c. pH disruptions

a, b, c

Renin release leads to

Select one:

a. Increased blood pressure

b. Decreased blood pressure

a

Prostaglandins cause dilation of the afferent arterioles in the kidney. NSAIDs like ibuprofen block the synthesis of prostaglandins. What effect might you expect from very high levels of ibuprofen

Select one:

a. Increased renal blood flow and urine formation

b. Increased renal blood flow, but decreased urine formation

c. Decreased renal blood flow, but increased urine formation

d. Decreased renal blood flow and urine formation

d

Ethanol inhibits the release of ADH. A couple of hours after drinking alcohol on a Friday evening, an individual's urine would be

Select one:

a. More concentrated

b. More dilute

b

Increased epinephrine would cause (hint: think about the effects on renal blood vessels rather than systemic blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increased glomerular filtration

b. Decreased glomerular filtration

c. No change in glomerular filtration

b

The first process in urine formation is

Select one:

a. Secretion

b. Filtration

c. Reabsorption

b

How would a nephron respond to a sudden increase in filtration?

Select one:

a. The Efferent arteriole would dilate.

b. The Efferent arteriole would constrict.

c. The Efferent arteriole would not respond.

a

In the kidney, reabsorption of glucose occurs in the

Select one:

a. Distal convoluted tubule

b. Nephron loop

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

d. Collecting duct

e. Glomerulus

c

Substances reabsorbed in the nephron loop enter

Select one:

a. Glomerular capillaries

b. The peritubular capillaries

c. The renal artery

d. The afferent arterioles

e. The efferent arterioles

b

In the urinary system, filtration occurs in the

Select one:

a. Peritubular capillaries

b. Ascending limb of the nephron loop

c. Descending limb of the nephron loop

d. Renal corpuscle

e. Distal convoluted tubule

d

In response to a drop in blood pressure, sodium reabsorption in the nephron loop would ________________.

Select one:

a. Increase

b. Decrease

c. Not change

a

If both renin and ADH levels were high,

Select one:

a. Water would be reabsorbed, but not sodium

b. Sodium would be reabsorbed, but not water

c. Neither water nor sodium would be absorbed

d. Both water and sodium would be reabsorbed

d

The primary sensor in the ADH feedback loop is located in the

Select one:

a. The glomerulus

b. The proximal convoluted tubule

c. The collecting duct

d. Aortic arch and carotid bodies

e. The hypothalamus

e

In which of the following diseases would the osmolarity of urine be highest?

Select one:

a. Diabetes insipidus

b. Diabetes mellitus

b

If blood pressure increases, what happens to the sodium concentration of fluid that enters the glomerular capsule?

Select one:

a. Sodium concentration in the capsule increases

b. Sodium concentration in the capsule decreases

c. Sodium concentration in the capsule does not change

c

A primary process that occurs in the nephron loop is

Select one:

a. Secretion of unwanted nutrients

b. Reabsorption of critical nutrients

c. Adjustment of plasma pH

d. Variable secretion of water and ions to create a concentration gradient

e. Variable reabsorption of water and ions to create a concentration gradient

e

Blood in which of the following vessels has the same composition as arterial blood in the renal artery?

Select one:

a. The nephron loop

b. The efferent arteriole

c. The afferent arteriole

d. The distal glomerular capillary

e. The peritubular capillaries

c

The composition of fluid in the urethra is

Select one:

a. More dilute than fluid in the ureter

b. More concentrated than fluid in the ureter

c. The same fluid that is in the ureter

c

In a healthy individual, functions of the kidney include

Select one:

a. Screening blood for dead cells

b. Eliminating excess sodium from the extracellular fluid

c. Eliminating excess oxygen from the blood

d. Eliminating excess protein from the blood

e. All of the above

b

If blood pressure increases, what happens to the sodium concentration of fluid that enters the distal convoluted tubule?

Select one:

a. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases

b. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule decreases

c. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule does not change

a

Aldosterone causes increased

Select one:

a. Sodium and potassium reabsorption

b. Sodium and potassium secretion

c. Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

d. Potassium reabsorption and sodium secretion

c

Which of the following would increase renin secretion?

Select one:

a. Decreased glomerular filtration

b. Increased glomerular filtration

a

If blood pressure drops, which of the following would be released from the juxtamedullary complex?

Select one:

a. Atrial natriuretic peptide

b. Aldosterone

c. Renin

d. Angiotensin II

e. ADH

c

The effector in the ADH feedback loop is located in the

Select one:

a. The proximal convoluted tubule

b. The collecting duct

c. Aortic arch and carotid bodies

d. The hypothalamus

e. The glomerulus

b

Loop diuretics lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one causes a drop in blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increasing sodium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

c. Increasing potassium reabsorption

d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

b

The first step in urine formation occurs in the

Select one:

a. Renal cortex

b. Renal medulla

c. Renal pelvis

d. Major calyx

e. Minor calyx

a

Many choice Which of the following is disrupted in diabetes mellitus?

Select one or more:

a. Glucose concentration in the blood

b. The amount of water that moves by osmosis from the filtrate to the blood

c. Glucose concentration in the filtrate

a, b, c

The composition of the fluid in the ureter is

Select one:

a. More dilute than fluid in the bladder

b. More concentrated than fluid in the bladder

c. The same fluid that is in the bladder

c

A person taking an ACE inhibitor would be prone to

Select one:

a. Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

b. Hypokalemia (low potassium)

a

Compared with urine from a diabetes insipidus patient, the urine of a person with diabetes mellitus would be

Select one:

a. Concentrated

b. Similar in concentration

c. Dilute

a

Many choice: Which of the following moves substances between the blood and filtrate in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

Select one or more:

a. Facilitated diffusion

b. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

c. Hydrostatic pressure

b, + 1 more (hydrostatic pressure?)

If the concentration of the interstitial fluid deep in the renal medulla is 1200 mOsm, the maximum concentration of urine would be

Select one:

a. 300 mOsm

b. 600 mOsm

c. 900 mOsm

d. 1200 mOsm

e. 1600 mOsm

d

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors could be used to decrease the effects of acute exposure to altitude. Imagine the inhibitors work only in the kidney. How could this be effective?

Select one:

a. The inhibitors increase the rate of hydrogen ion secretion, making the blood more basic

b. The inhibitors lower the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the urine, thus acidifying the blood

c. The inhibitors should not alter the pH of the blood since CO2 does not contain a hydrogen ion

b

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one causes a drop in blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increasing sodium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

c. Increasing potassium reabsorption

d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

b

Regulation of the final concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood stream occurs mostly in the

Select one:

a. Descending limb of the nephron loop

b. Glomerulus

c. Ascending limb of the nephron loop

d. Peritubular capillaries

e. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

e

In the nephron, reabsorption of nutrients occurs in the

Select one:

a. Distal convoluted tubule

b. Proximal convoluted tubule

c. Glomerulus

d. Nephron loop

e. Collecting duct

b

If blood pressure increases, the rate of urine formation (assume no other changes)

Select one:

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Remains constant

a

Please choose numbers you might expect to see from someone who has been vomiting for 24 hours:

Select one:

a. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

d

Shortly after arriving at altitude, the pH of a person would be

Select one:

a. High

b. Low

c. Normal

a

If we inject someone with lactic acid, which of the following numbers would make sense?

Select one:

a. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.4, PCO2 = 40 mm Hg, Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

e. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b

Many choice (choose 3): Imagine a drug that shuts down the glycolytic pathway. In this case

Select one or more:

a. Acetyl CoA levels within cells would rise

b. Acetyl CoA levels within cells would fall

c. Ketoacids in the blood would rise

d. Ketoacids in the blood would fall

e. Blood pH would rise

f. Blood pH would fall

a, c, f

The major extracellular cation is

Select one:

a. Calcium

b. Potassium

c. Sodium

d. Chloride

e. Bicarbonate

c

Please interpret the following acid/base imbalance: pH = 7.2 PCO2 = 60 mm Hg Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

Select one:

a. Respiratory acidosis without renal compensation

b. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation

c. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

d. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

a

The major intracellular cation is

Select one:

a. Sodium

b. Potassium

c. Calcium

d. Chloride

e. Bicarbonate

b

which of the following numbers would make sense shortly after arriving at high altitude?

Select one:

a. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.4, PCO2 = 40 mm Hg, Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

e. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

d

If we injected lactic acid into a resting individual, hemoglobin leaving a systemic capillary would be

Select one:

a. More saturated with oxygen.

b. Less saturated with oxygen.

c. Oxygen saturation would not change.

b

Given the following numbers from systemic arterial blood, what disorder would you expect? pH = 7.6 PCO2 = 50 mm Hg Bicarb = 30 mEq/L

Select one:

a. Emphysema

b. Diarrhea

c. Vomiting

d. Recent arrival at altitude

e. Diabetic ketoacidosis

c

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a human one week after arriving at 14,000 feet?

Select one:

a. pH = 7.3, PCO2 = 50 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.3, PCO2 = 30 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 50 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 30 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

e. pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 30 mm Hg, bicarb = 19 mEq/L

e

If a person's respiratory rate increases from 12/minute to 16 per minute with no change in tidal volume, but there is no change in arterial PO2 or PCO2, the respiratory system would be

Select one:

a. Increasing pH

b. Decreasing pH

c. Maintaining pH

c

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a human shortly after arriving at 14,000 feet?

Select one:

a. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

e. pH = 7.4, PCO2 = 40 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

d

In epithelial tissue, if bicarbonate moves to one side of the tissue, which of the following moves to the other?

Select one:

a. Sodium

b. Potassium

c. Calcium

d. Chloride

e. Bicarbonate

d

If a person's respiratory rate increases from 12/minute to 16 per minute with no change in tidal volume, but there is no change in arterial PO2 or PCO2, they are

Select one:

a. Hyperventilating

b. Hypoventilating

c. Euventilating (neither hyperventilating nor hypoventilating)

c

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a person with diarrhea?

Select one:

a. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

b. pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, bicarb = 16 mEq/L

c. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, bicarb = 32 mEq/L

d. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, bicarb = 16 mEq/L

e. pH = 7.4, PCO2 = 40 mm Hg, bicarb = 24 mEq/L

b

If a person's arterial blood gas numbers were as follows, the person is ______________.

PO2 = 85 mm Hg

PCO2 = 30 mm Hg

Select one:

a. Hyperventilating

b. Hypoventilating

c. Euventilating (neither hyperventilating nor hypoventilating)

a

The major extracellular cation is

Select one:

a. Sodium

b. Potassium

c. Calcium

d. Chloride

e. Bicarbonate

a

Please interpret the following acid/base imbalance: pH = 7.2 PCO2 = 25 mm Hg Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

Select one:

a. Respiratory acidosis without renal compensation

b. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation

c. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

d. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

c

If we injected lactic acid into the bloodstream of a resting individual,

Select one:

a. Ventilation would increase.

b. Ventilation would decrease.

c. Ventilation would not change.

a

Imagine that Judi ruptures her spleen in a rugby collision. There is significant internal bleeding. Judi is rushed to the hospital and the bleeding is stopped. What was the initial change in Judi's blood pressure?

Select one:

a. Blood pressure increased

b. Blood pressure decreased.

c. Blood pressure would not change

b

Following the injury, what happened to glomerular filtration rate in Judi's kidney?

Select one:

a. GFR increased

b. GFR decreased

c. GFR did not change

b

Following the injury, what happened to the concentration of fluid in Judi's distal convoluted tubules?

Select one:

a. Increase concentration in DCT

b. Decreased concentration in DCT

c. No change in concentration in DCT

b

Following the injury, which of the following was released from the juxtaglomerular complex in Judi's kidneys?

Select one:

a. ANP

b. ADH

c. Renin

d. Epinephrine

e. Aldosterone

c