Criminology - Chp. 12 retake quiz

Differentiate between an occasional and a professional criminal.

Which one would be more likely to resort to violence?

occasional criminal: offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals

professional criminal: offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime.

occasional criminal

what crime occurs when an antiques store owner sells a customer an "original" Tiffany lamp that she knows is fake?

would it still be a crime if the seller were not aware the the lamp was a copy?

Should antique dealers have a duty to determine the authenticity of the products they sell?

the category of crime occurred is fraud or falsepretenses.

yes

yes

What is the difference between a booster and a snitch?

If caught, should they receive different punishments?

Booster: professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise.

Snitch: Amateur shoplifter who does not self-identity as a thief but who systematically steal merchandise for personal use

yes

Should corporate crimes such as price fixing or false advertisement be punished with a stiff fine or imprisonment?

is it fair to put a nonviolent business person in prison?

is it fair to punish a billionaire with a fine that merely requires them to write a check?

both

yes

if the check is fair to their net worth

Which is worse: breaking into a home and stealing a TV or getting involved in an insider trading scheme to make a million in the stock market?

Which act should be punished most severely?

getting involved in an insider trading scheme to make a million in the stock market?

This one should be punished most severely

Offedners who do not define themselves by a criminal role are called ___.

Occasional criminals

Pharmacists have been known to alter prescriptions or substituite low-cost generic drugs for more expensive name brands. this is an example of which form of white collar crime?

Professsional Chiseling

T/F exploiters force victims to pay for services to which victims have no clear right

False

T/F most theft offesnses are committed by trained professionals who know what they are doing and escape detection

False

T/F The defintion of larceny evovled witht he growth of manufacturing and the development of the free enterprise system

True

Which of the following statements about burglary is FALSE?

Most burglaries occur when someone is home, and thus the act involves multiple crimes.

T/F Violators identified by the EPA or other agencies of green-collar crimes are typically prosecuted by the US justice department

True

T/F A loophole that many green-collar criminals have found with the endangered species act of 1973 is that it only protects the animals and not the species’ habitat

False

T/F Boosters or heels steal witht he intention of resulling stolen merchandise

True

Amateurs who cash bad checks ebcuase of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subcultre are called___

Naive check forgers

Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson argue that poeple white collar and green collar crimes due to ___

Lack of self control

T/F Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price fixing, restraint of trade, and false advertising

True

Forcing vicitmins to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right is called___

exploitation

___involves illegal activities of people and instituions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions

White collar crime

Martha is upset at Catherine over the dinner bill the night before. Martha believes Catherine should have split the bill but she failed to pay any portion. Martha and Catherine work together at a local telemarketing center and Martha sneaks to Catherine’s desk to take $20 from her purse. This act would be considered ______.

Petty Larceny

Misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his property to the wrongdoer is called?

fraud

Which theory is LEAST applicable to understanding professional burglary?

functionalism

Which of the following is TRUE according to burglars?

most work alone?

In many stores, video games are no longer kept in their packages; a blank box is put on display. This is an example of which concept?

target removal

T/F The Clean Water Act of 1972 maintains goals and standards for the United States to ensure water quality and purity.

True

Cirmes that affect the enviornment are called ____ collar crimes

Green

In the late 1930s, the distinguished criminologist __________ first used the phrase "white-collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.

Edwin Sutherland

Edward Alsworth coined this term to describe the kind of person who hides behind his or her image as a pillar of the community to get personal gain through any means necessary.

Criminaloid

This eighteenth century criminal group often worked in large cities and included pickpockets and forgers.

Skilled thieves

Which of the following is not true about larceny?

Both the UCR and NCVS depict a steady increase in the number and rate of larcenies during the past decade

Amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use.

Snitch

Legislation called _______________________ laws protect retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds.

Merchant Privilege

Professional check forgers who make a living by passing bad checks are called ______.

systematic forgers

A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is often referred to as a ______.

Fence

Which of the following is not true about burglary?

According to the UCR, just over 5 million burglaries now occur each year in the United States.

The willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle.

Arson

Edwin Lemert conducted one of the best-known studies on which form of larceny nearly 60 years ago?

Check fraud

Which of the following is true about shoplifting?

Research has shown that items which play a role in the illicit drug are the ones stolen most often.

Which of the following is not true about auto thefts and automobiles?

Every state requires owners to insure vehicles.

The taking of goods from a retail store.

shoplifting

Which of the following is true in regard to recent research by the National White Collar Crime Center?

About 17 percent of individuals reported experiencing at least one form of white-collar crime.

__________ involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions.

White collar crime

A Ponzi scheme is one type of ______ whereby people swindle money with payments of returns earned from new investors

White collar fraud

ernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest ____ of all time.

Ponzi Schemer

______________ involves using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis.

Chiseling

Illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company is known as _______.

Insider trading

The ____________________ Act is a federal law that subjects to criminal and civil sanctions any person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy in restraint of interstate commerce.

Sherman Antitrust

While exploiters are extortionists who force victims to pay for services to which they are legally entitled, _______________ take bribes in exchange for granting favors.

Peddlers

Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson claim white-collar crime is relatively rare because, as a matter of course, business executives tend to hire people with ___.

Self Contorl

Which of the following is not one of the environmental laws discussed in the text?

Natural Gas and Anti-Fracking Act

The criminal investigation division of the EPA investigates which of the following crimes?

ALL of the above: Mail fraud, Wire fraud, and llegal disposal of hazardous waste

Which of the following is not true in regard to deterrence strategies for white-collar criminals?

Strategies are aimed at creating conditions that induce conformity to the law

Daniel Lee is a college professor at a mid-sized university in Maryland. He ran for city council and won in 2014 and his wife is the head of the PTA at his child's grade school. Both he, and his wife, are respected members of the community. ANSWER the following questions with this information.
Dan's wife, Lisa, is caught shoplifting a purse from Macy's and is arrested. Given her social status, which of the following types of thieves would Lisa fall into?

Snitch

In 2015, Daniel is arrested for running a Ponzi scheme in which he swindled nearly 2 million dollars from investors. This crime would be considered a _______.

White collar crime

Crimes of the marketplace are referred to as ____________ crime and include white collar crime, cyber crime, and organized crime

Enterprise crime

A pyramid scheme is one type of ______________ whereby people use their institutional or business position to trick others out of their money

White collar fraud

One form of _______________ involves "payola" record companies paying radio stations to play songs without making listeners aware of the bribes

Influence peddling

What is the minimum dollar amount necessary before fraud exists in the crime of tax evasion

There is no minimum amount

In his research on fraud, Cressey found that the _____________ view allowed professionals to excuse their criminal behavior since, "all people steal when they get in a tight spot"

Rationalization /neutralization

economic crime

an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits

blue-collar crimes

traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson

white-collar crimes

crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

green-collar crime

crimes that affect the environment

situational inducement

short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking

professional criminals

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

larceny

taking for one's own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person's home or workplace; theft

constructive possession

a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

petit (petty) larceny

theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

grand larceny

Theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a felony.

booster/heel

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise

Insider trading

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company

Influence peddling

using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled

corporate (organizational) crime

powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good

Sherman Antitrust Act

federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person "who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy" in restraint of interstate commerce

price flexing

the illegal control by agreement among producers of manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices

criminal environmental pollution

a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life

compliance strategies

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law

deterrence strategies

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators

What statement about arson is FALSE?

Arson attacks are unique to the United States

(T/F) Criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are most likely to reform if apprehended

True

T/F Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price fixing, restraint of trade, and false advertising.

True

Which of the following is NOT a reason an amateur might steal a car?

Car cloning

according to legal scholar Morris Cohen, why should victimless crimes be criminally prohibited?

because one of the functions of criminal law is to express the public's shared sense of morality

According to the theory of social harm, immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the ______ they cause.

injury

T/F Not all paraphilia behaviors are criminal (T/F)

True

$1,000+ = is a Class what Felony

higher amounts = higher felony level