Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular respiration

________ is defined as any set of reactions that uses electrons harvested from high- energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain.

inner membrane

The ________ of the mitochondrion also contains a pool of non protein molecules called ubiquinone.

Cells

________ that depend on electron transport chains with electron acceptors other than oxygen are said to use anaerobic " (no air) "respiration.

ATP

The energy to produce ________ in oxidative phosphorylation comes from an established proton gradient, not phosphorγlated substrates as used in substrate level phosphorylation.

glycolysis

In ________, one six- carbon molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of the three- carbon compound pyruvate.

FADH2

The molecules involved in oxidizing NADH and ________ differ in their ability to accept electrons in a redox reaction.

Chemiosmosis

Mitchell introduced the term **chemiosmosis** to describe the use of a proton gradient to drive energy- requiring processes, like the production of ATP.

Fermentation

________ is a metabolic pathway that includes glycolysis and an additional set of reactions that oxidize stockpiles of NADH to regenerate NAD+.

pyruvate

Once ________ is inside the matrix, it is processed by an enormous and intricate enzyme complex called ________ dehydrogenase.

compartment

The ________ enclosed within the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matrix.

Carboxylic acids all

________ have carboxyl functional groups by cells to fully oxidize the (R- COOH)

inner membrane

Portions of the ________ protrude into the interior of the organelle and expand to form sac- like compartments called cristae.

**facultative anaerobes**

Organisms that can switch between fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration are called **facultative anaerobes.**

intermembrane space

The regions between the outer and inner membranes, including the space within the cristae, make up the .

Pyruvate processing

Each pyruvate produced by glycolysis is processed to release one molecule of C02, and the remaining two carbons are used to form the compound acetyl CoA

Citric αcid cycle

The two carbons from each acetyl CoA produced by pyruvate processing are oxidized to two molecules of C02

Electron transport αnd oxidαtive phosphorylαtion

Electrons from the NADH and FADH2 produced by pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle move through a series of electron carriers that together are called an electron transport chain (ETC)

Homeostasis

By regulating key reactions involved in catabolic and anabolic pathways, the cell is able to maintain its internal environment even under different environmental conditions-a condition referred to as

Phosphofructokinase

An important advance in understanding how glycolysis is regulated occurred when biologists observed that high levels of ATP inhibit a key glycolytic enzyme called

Electron transport αnd oxidαtive phosphorylαtion

Electrons from the NADH and FADH2 produced by pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle move through a series of electron carriers that together are called an electron transport chain (ETC). 

Citric acid cycle

The two carbons from each acetyl CoA produced by pyruvate processing are oxidized to two molecules of C02.

Pyruvate processing

Each pyruvate produced by glycolysis is processed to release one molecule of C02, and the remaining two carbons are used to form the compound acetyl CoA.

Cristae

Portions of the inner membrane protrude into the interior of the organelle and expand to form sac-like compartments called

Mitochondrial matrix

The regions between the outer and inner membranes, including the space within the cristae, make up the intermembrane space. The compartment enclosed within the inner membrane is the