BIOL 2160 chapter 6

cancer

cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in the US, due to failure of cellular mechanisms that normally control __________

second, cell division

cancer is the result of ________ often due to tumor producing chemicals, hormones, and somtimes viruses

genetic damage

genetic damage can result from a _____ in one of three types of genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor supressing genes, and caretaker genes

mutation

_________ genes mornally promote cell division but are changes into oncogenes by mutations that make the gene excessively active and lead to uncontrolled cell division

proto-oncogenes

______ genes normally restrain growth. mutations cause inactivation of these genes allowing excessive cell divison to occur

tomro supressing

_______ genes code for proteins thta fix mutations in your DNA, when they mutate they become inactive and allow mistakes to build up

caretaker

photooncognees, tumor suppressor genes and caretaker genes encode proteins that help regulate ______, _________, and _________

cell birth, cell death, and DNA damage repair

______ are anything that can mutate DNA, enviornmental substances that induce cancer causing mutations in cells

carcinogens

____ causes warts on the skin, mouth, genitals, and larynx and is spread through physical contact of infectd areas

HPV

in 10% of cases of HPV in women, HPV remains in the cells of the ___ and increases the chances of _________ cancer

cervix, cervical

increasing age, smoking, and lowered immunity all increase the risk of ______ cancer becuase they lower the body’s ability to _______________.

cervical, destroy the virus

what was one of the first HPV vaccines

guardasil

guardasil targets the types of HPV that causes ___________________.

cervical cancer and genital warts

the HPV is only effective if _________________________.

you have not been exposed to it already

HPV is a __________ transmitted ___ virus

sexually, DNA

HIV is a _________ it is a ____ virus

retrovirus, RNA

a viral protein ____ that is only 44 amino acids long, spans the plasma membrane and forms dimer or trimer

E5

___________is an on switch for certian pathways, two or more receptors combining together 

dimerization

HPV makes a protein that acts as a ____ (___________________) and causes cell division

PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

_____ usually stops cell division. ____ controls the cell cycle and was the first tumor supressor gene to be discovered

p53, Rb

E_ inhibits p53 and E_ inhibits Rb

6, 7

the current HPV vaccine is composed of a _____ protein called L1 and is designed to trigger an immune response, it does/does not contain virus

capsid, does NOT

__________ and _____ cuase liver infections that can develop into liver cancer, spread through unprotected sexual contact or exchange of blood

hep B and C

mutations occur mostly in ______ cells and usually are/are not passed to offspring

somatic (body), are NOT

mutations in _____ cells can be passed to offspring

gametes

why does cancer develop later in life?

multiple mutations are necessary for tumor formation which happens over many years

______ cancer is the 5th leading cause of cancer death in women. why?

ovarian, it normally isnt detected until it is very progressed

_______ is the process in which an ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (egg) that bursts through the wall of an ovary

ovulation

upon ovulation, cells on the surface of the ovary must ______ to repair the hole caused by the bursting ovum each month, if these cells contain mutations in genes that encode vital proteins what will happen?

divide, cell division will become excessive and tumors may result

_________ is the most ocmmonly used oral contraceptive but is also taken to regulate periods by stabalizing the endometrium

the pill (ortho trycyclin)

the pill is a combo of _____ and _____ that prevents _________ and __________

progesterone, estrogen, follicular development and ovulation

without ovulation, no ovum is released and breaking the cell wall, eliminating the need for ________ and preventing _____________

cell division, ovarian cancer

___________ is the cancer forming process

oncogenesis

_________ is a rapidly proliferating cell type that escapes normal cell growth restraints and stimulates the growth of vasculature to obtain oxygen

tumor

tumor cells can trigger the development of ___________ to receive a ________. this is called ___________.

new blood vessels to receive a blood supply, called angiogenesis

_________ is a case in whcih cells from the primary tumor migrate to new sites to form secondary tumors. the nature of both _____ and __________ have to fit together perfectly in order for this to happen

metastasis, metasizing cells and the invaded tissue

tissues most vulnerable to metastasis are tissues that ______________ and ___________________.

secrete growth factors and readily grow new blood vessels

tumors are ______ starved and require a ___________ to grow

oxygen, blood supply

tumors are vulnerable to invasion if they produce: ________: block cell division, __________: block cancer cell prteases used to penetrate tissues, and ____________: stop tumor cells from initiating the growth of blood vessels

anti-proliferative factors, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, and anti-angiogenesis factors

_________ are tissues mad eof cells surrounded by a dense matrix of proteins

proteases

if a tissue produces _____ cancere cells will not be able to penetrate deep enough into the tissue to survive 

protease inhibitors

when cells become cnacerous they grow __________, instead of in a thin layer, at a high density and in different shapes

on top of each other

when a cell becomes cancerous, it acquires the ability to grow ______ to the basil lamina

unattached

the _____________ is a strip of proteins that cells in your body grow along

basil lamina

cancer cells can grow ______ in the extracellular fluid

floating

cancer cells do not have _______________, this means they dont have _____________ when cells stop growing when they hit another cell

gap junctions, contact inhibition

transformed cancer cells do not need ______ to tell them to grow like normal cells do

mitogens

cancer cells secrete ____________ that breaks down the basil lamina and allows these cells to break free and metastasize 

plasminogen activator

cancer cells lose ______________

actin microfilaments

_____ is a cytoskeletal protein without it cells lose their shape and act like a plastic bag filled with water, this allows then to invade the small spaces of other tissues easier

actin

cancer cells have an enlarges nucleolus because they make a lot of _______. 

proteins

what happened with the experiment where scientists were trying to find the one mutation (oncogene) that was responsible for the transformation of normal cells

they realized there was more than one and changed the way they were trying to find the answer

RasD breaks down _____ to slowly which means it stays in the ON position too long and leads to excessive cell division and tumor formation

GTP

________ any gene that encodes a protein capable of transforming normal cells into cancer cells

oncogene

_________: a normal cellular gene that promotes cellular division which we need for growth and repair, upon mutation can become an oncogene

proto-oncogene

mutations in _____________ cells like nuerons and muscle cells usually arent cancerous

non-dividing

the process of angiogenesis first includes the _________ of the basement membrane that surrounds a capillary, the migration and division of __________ cells lining the capillary into the ______, and _________ of new basement membrane around the new capillary

degradtion, endothelial, tumor, formation

_________ _________ is the protein wrapper of a blood vessel that keeps the endothelial cells stuck togther to create a wall of a capillary

basement membrane

in order for _________ to breakfree and migrate elsewhere in angiogenesis, the basement membrane must be broken down

endothelial cells

angiogenesis can be stimulated by __________ released from tumor cells

growth factors

some tumor cells induce _____________ to synthesize and secrete growth factors for them

surrounding normal cells

cancer incidence increases with ____ since it takes _____ for the multiple mutations required to occur

age, decades

______ is the incidence of most human cnacers rise exponentially with age

epidemiology

_______ is the interaction of two or more agents or forces so that thier combined effect is greater than the sum of thier individual effects

synergy

______ a family of proteins that controls progression of cells through the cell cycle

cyclins

cyclins have no enzymatic activity so they depend on another group of proteins in the cell to allow cyclins to work called _____________, that phosphoryate proteins in the cell to allow the cyclins to work

cyclin-dependent kinases

after the ____ phase in the cell cycle a mistake is a permanent mutation

s

tumor supressor genes code for proteins that _____ cell division

stop

________ proteins are proteins that cause programmed cell death 

pro-apoptotic

50% of all humans carry mutation in the _____ tumor supressing gene

p53

p53 is usually unstable and destroyed by the proteasome but in cells with DNA damage, p53 is _____ and _______.

stabalized and accumulates

why does p53 get destroyed normally?

p53 stops cell division normally but normal cells need to divide so it gets broken down

p53 activates genes that encode _____________, blocks them from arresting cells in the beginnging stages of the cell cycle

cyclin dependent kinases

the ____ checkpoint in the cell cycle prevents cells with damaged DNA from entering the DNA synthesis phase

G1

_____ cnacer is the 2nd most common cancer after lung cancer

breast

why is breast cnacer more common in women than men when breast tissue is the same?

the presence of growth promoting hormones like estrogen causing cells to divide

breast cancer is due to the inheritance of ________ or ____ genes which are tumor supressor genes that repair damaged DNA in your cells

BRCA 1 or 2

once BRCA 1 and 2 are damaged, other mutations come quickly because BRCA one and two arent there to fix ____________.

mistakes in the genome

_________ are used to detect high levels of estrogen and progestorone receptors capable of stimulating tumor growth

antibodies

_______ is a drug that inhibits estrogen receptors, derives cells of estrogen, binds to receptor and prevents estrogen from binding, ____ and ___ are also similar

tamoxifen, Her2 and nev

breat cancer patients are given ____ (_________________) to promote white blood cell growth (helps replenish immune system) and ________ to promote red blood cell growth (combat anemia) 

G-CSF (colony stimulating factor), erythropoietin