Stats Final — Free Recall Topic List

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts in statistics, aimed at preparing for the final exam.

Population vs. Sample

- refers to the entire group being studied, while a - is a subset of the population.

Variables (Discrete vs. Continuous)

- variables can take on specific values, while - variables can take on any value within a range.

Parameters vs. Statistics

- are numerical values that summarize characteristics of a population, while - are numerical values that summarize characteristics of a sample.

Descriptive Statistics

summarize and describe the features of a dataset.

Inferential Statistics

use a random sample of data to make inferences about a population.

Measurement Scales

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Nominal Scale

categorizes data without a specific order (e.g., gender, race).

Ordinal Scale

categorizes data with a specific order but without consistent intervals (e.g., rankings).

Interval Scale

measures data with equal intervals but without a true zero point (e.g., temperature in Celsius).

Ratio Scale

measures data with equal intervals and a true zero point (e.g., weight, height).

Frequency Tables

A table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a dataset.

Histograms

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data using bars. (Bins)

Positive vs. Negative Skew

- indicates a tail on the right side of the distribution, while - indicates a tail on the left.

Mean

the average of a set of values, calculated by dividing the sum of values by the count.

Median

the middle value in a dataset when it is ordered.

Mode

the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

Range

the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.

Variance

measures the average squared deviation of each number from the mean.

Standard Deviation

the square root of variance, indicating the dispersion of data.

z-Scores

indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean.

Binomial Distribution

models the number of successes in a fixed number of trials with two possible outcomes.

Normal Distribution

is a bell-shaped distribution where most observations cluster around the central peak.

Central Limit Theorem

states that the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases.

Null vs. Alternative Hypothesis

The - states there is no effect or no difference, while the - states there is an effect or difference.

Type I Error

occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

Type II Error

occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted.

Cohen’s d

is a measure of effect size that indicates the standardized difference between two means.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

is a statistical method used to compare means among three or more groups.

F-ratio

used in ANOVA to compare the variance between groups to the variance within groups.

Properties of the F Distribution

is right-skewed and characterized by two different degrees of freedom.