International Animal agriculture- Quiz 1 and Exam 1

covers ppts.: teaching in international agriculture, intern. Animal agri. history, CGIAR present., Developed and developing countries, and Green revolution.

Institutions in the US generally provide students majoring in agricultural sciences with curriculum covering intensive production systems, but what is a topic they do not cover/ emphasize on?

They are generally not appropriate to all the world’s farmers especially those in lesser developed countries

what do lesser developed countries have limited access to

land, feed supplies, equipment, and capital

what does FAO stand for?

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FITB: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reported at least 140 million small farms with less than _____ hectares of land

5

what does 1 hectare equal

2.47 acres

what is the recommended farming system for lesser developed countries

an integrated/ integrative farming systems

what is an integrative farming system

a farming system that combines the use of animals and plant farming. Such as rotating areas where animals reside and where plants are planted. It should involves smaller populations of large local breeds and small livestock species.

T or F: Students should be educated about major trends in international agriculture as a whole.

true

what are some global issues and challenges involving food production that students should be aware of

about 50% of the world’s cereal grain supply fed to livestock, earth’s ability to produce more food is reaching saturation point, and human population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050.

what is one reason why it is important to be knowledgeable about international agricultural situations?

because you may be required at some point to collaborate with international colleagues on issues facing limited resource farmers.

FITB: One in ___ jobs are directly tied to international trade

six

Given the importance of food production systems in developing countries, and the need for cultural knowledge and global understanding, why is the number of agricultural students participating in study abroad programs not much higher than it is now?

this is mostly related to a lack of funding, grants are needed to allows students to travel out of the country and get this experience, there has been an issue with funding especially at HBCU’s in relation to this subject.

what is one reason college students may have a lack of knowledge of international situations

the disconnect between ‘real world’ events and the topics discussed in the curriculum

what is one way to fix the lack of knowledge of international situations in college students

is to have students involved in study abroad situations

how long have US universities had international linkages

since the 1860s.

What did the north American institutions and international organizations have a substantial role in

the interchange of knowledge and technology for the advancement of agriculture in developing countries

what are some ways that the worldwide sources of knowledge and experience contribute to US agriculture

the livestock gene pool originated from imported breeding animals from colonists, imported genetic materials for forages and other crops used as feeds for livestock, educational and research center looks to Europe for scientific discoveries leading to US agricultural development

What happened after World war 2 in relation to the US and it’s outreach to other countries

the US devised a program to assist developing countries

FITB: BY 1952, ___ universities were involved in technical assistance programs

8

what are 3 of 8 universities involved in the technical assistance programs

Arkansas, Arizona, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan state, Oklahoma state, Purdue, and Utah state.

Due to the increased recognition of in world agriculture what did several US universities do

establish international agricultural programs

what are some ways that US universities increased their international agricultural section

by expansion of on-campus educational and training programs to prepare foreign and domestic students service in world agriculture, establishment of a core faculty in international agriculture, research and development projects in cooperation with national institutions in developing countries

what is the Hatch Act of 1887, what did it establish?

it was an act that aimed to promote agricultural research and education by providing federal funding to state land-grand colleges. Each state received an initial allocation of 15k annually to support the establishment of agricultural experiment stations. It was signed into law up under president Cleveland.

what is the experiment station at Tuskegee University

The George Washington Carver agricultural experiment station

How does professional societies contribute to animal agriculture

through journals and scientific meetings and conferences such as the American Dairy science Association and the Poultry Science Association

what does the earth is reaching its saturation point mean?

that we are running out of usable land to grow enough food to feed everyone.

what are some professional societies that contribute to animal agriculture

Poultry science association, American veterinary medical association, American dairy science association, American society of animal science, and Canadian society of animal science

what does CGIAR mean

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

what is CGIAR’s mission

to achieve sustainable food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through scientific research and research- related activities in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, policy, and environment

how many CGIAR centers are there currently

15

what groups helped originate the CGIAR

the ford foundation, Rockefeller foundation, and the Mexican government

what country did the CGIAR originate

mexico

what did the research team for the 1st CGIAR focus on

increasing productivity of wheat, maize, beans and potatoes, improve soil management and crop protection, and improve the productivity of domestic animals

what was the result of the CGIAR in Mexico

they were able to make Mexico self-sufficient in wheat and they developed a high-yielding new variety of wheat

what were the first 4 international research centers of CGIAR and their countries

CIAT (Colombia), CIMMYT (Mexico), IITA (Nigeria), IRRI (Philippines)

what are some collaborators with the CGIAR

FAO, UNDP, World Bank, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation

what does UNDP stand for

United nations development program

what does USAID stand for

united states agency for international development

what are some things that the 1st CGIAR discussed with their collaborators

their goals of international research, financial support for research, and they presented results of their original research

when was the first formal meeting of the CGIAR held

May 19th, 1971

what are some of the CGIAR centers

IRRI- international rice research institute, IITA- international institute of tropical agriculture, CIAT- international center for tropical agriculture , CIMMYT- international center for the improvement of Maize and wheat, CIP- international potato center

what are some reasons agricultural research matters

the rising food prices, concern over global climate change, energy crisis, potential of biofuels, and the projected population increase to 9 billion, and there is a high risk and consequences to those who live on less than US 2.00/day ( approx. 2.1 million)

What are some solutions for the issues that the CGIAR are fighting?

To strengthen investments in agricultural science in national and international levels and to scale up research that aids innovations that increase agriculture productivity.

What is the newest reformation of the CGIAR

The creation of ONE CGIAR

What is ONE CGIAR’s aim

To unlock its combined resources to achieve greater impact by a sharper mission and impact focus, unified governance, institutional integration, etc

Why did CGIAR make these changes

Because the window of opportunity to curb climate change and biodiversity loss, and achieve the Substainable Development Goals, is closing rapidly ; about 660 million people may still face hunger in 2030 due to the last effects of COVID- 19 pandemic

What makes CGIAR a good candidate for this

No other entity has as much experience, foundation of research, network of partners, and the backing of governments; the issues the world is facing are more interconnected and independent than ever,; they will be much better equipped to tackle threats to food, nutrition, and water security posed by climate change

What is a developed country

There is no defined definition that is recognized internationally but one could say it is a country with a highly advanced economy, technological infrastructure and high standard of living with high income per capita, strong industrialization, and widespread access to healthcare and education.

What are the 4 parts of the economic definition of a developed country

High GDP per capita, high level of industrialization, high tertiary and quaternary industry sectors, high human development index

What is the tertiary sector

A service sector where people offer their service and time to improve: productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability. Main concept is that the production of service instead of end products

What is the Quarternary sector

A service sector that mainly involves information technology, education, research and development, financial planning, and the entertainment industry

What is HDI stand for

Human development index

What is the HDI

It creates a single statistic that serve as framework of reference for social and economic development. Expressed as a value between 0 and 1

What are the 3 dimensions of HDI

Health, education, and living standards

What are the 4 indicators of HDI

Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, Gross national income per capita

What are the top 3 countries with the best HDI

Iceland, Norway, Switzerland

What is a developing country

A low-income country with an economy that is largely based on agriculture, not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their population, and has a lower HDI.

What is the classification system of the international money fund ( IMF):

Per capita income level, export diversification, degree of integration into the global financial system

What are the 4 income groups defined by the World Bank

Low income countries, low middle income, upper middle income, and high income countries.

What are other terms for a developing country

Less developed countries, underdeveloped countries, non- industrialized nations, least economically developed countries

What name is not acceptable for a developing country

Third world nation

the World Bank and other agencies have declared that the terms ‘developing’ and ‘developed’ are less relevant and formed their own 2 groups, what are these groups and what do they represent?

The global north- developed countries And the global south- developing countries

What are some developed countries

USA, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, Australia

What are some developing countries

Egypt, Kenya, Mexico, Brazil, Jamaica

What is a new terms that some countries are adopting

Newly industrialized country or emerging economies

What are some “ newly industrialized countries”

Brazil, India, china, Thailand, Philippines

Who was the USAID administrator that first used the term green revolution

William S Gaud

What was the green revolution

A period of increased global agricultural productivity due to research and technology transfers that led to the development of high yielding varieties of food crops important to developing countries

What food crops received a dramatic yield increase in the green revolution

Millet, cassava, rice, wheat, sorghum, and beans

What was the purpose of the green revolution

To eliminate hunger by improving crop performance

What country was the birthplace of the green revolution

Mexico

What corporations launched the green revolution

Mexican government, ford foundation and Rockefeller foundation

Who led the team of scientists in the Green revolution

Norman Borlaug

What did Borlaug develop

New disease resistant high- yield varieties of wheat

Who was named the father of the green revolution

Norman Borlaug

Before the green revolution where was agriculture limited to

Areas with a significant amount of rainfall

How was irrigation helpful in the green revolution

It allowed areas with limited rainfall to grow food crops, it was collected in areas with a lot of rainfall , stored and sent to drier areas

What are some new irrigation methods that was created in the green revolution

Drip irrigation sprinkler, center pivot, lateral move, and sub- irrigation

What is sub- irrigation

A irrigation technique that delivers moisture directly to the plants in small amounts

What are some advancements and technologies that risen during the green revolution

Irrigation, pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically developed seeds

FITB: worldwide fertilizer use increased from _____ to _____

14 million tons to 140 million tons

What type of fertilizer was used and why

nitrogen based fertilizer because nitrogen was proved to be an important nutrient in cereal production and it effectively controlled pests and weeds

FITB: the high yielding seed program led to improved seeds that produce new hybrid varieties of fiber cereals:

Wheat, rice, millet, maize, and sorghum

Why were the high yielding crops able to be high yielding

They were drought resistant, more responsive to fertilizer, and shorter growing seasons

What type of selective breeding did Borlaug’s research involve

Plants that weren’t sensitive to day length which allowed the doubling of a crops production because the plants were not sensitive to a certain area of the globe based on the amount of light available to them

Who established the IRRI- international rice research institute

The government of the republic of the Philippines, the ford foundation, and the Rockefeller foundation

FITB: Crossing the ______ and ______ rice varieties was done at IRRI in 1962

Dee-Geo-Woo-gen and peta

What was the rice that increased Philippines rice production

IR8

FITB: Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from _____ to ____ million tons in two decades.

3.7; 7.7

What did the Ford foundation and the Indian government collaborate to do

to import wheat seed from the international Maize and Wheat Improvement center

what happened to the IR8 rice after it was successful in Philippines

it was sent to India where it could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation

What is another name for IR8 rice

miracle rice

FITB: IR8 rice yielded about ____ tons per hectare with no fertilizer, and almost ____ tons per hectare under optimal conditions.

5; 10

how many times the yield of traditional rice does IR8 rice yield

10 times

why was the Green Revolution not so successful in Africa

the widespread corruption, insecurity, lack of infrastructure, general lack of will on the part of the government, and environmental factors such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area

The introduction of new technologies in the agricultural workface led to economic growth but…

it also led to a decrease in labor which in countries like Pakistan and India led to even more economic disparity between small and large farm owners

what did the increase of productivity in crop yields do in the green revolution

they reduced conversion of non-arable land to agriculture, this impacting the known greenhouse gas emissions and drive of climate change

what will the next Green revolution result from

the rising demand for feed and biofuels and technological advances in breeding for heat stress tolerance and disease resistance

what is the greatest challenge to bet met for the next green revolution involves

a 70% increase in food production by the year 2050.

what is the projected population increase by 2050

an increase of one-third which is estimated to be 9.8 billion