Pre matr anatomy part 1

4 divisions of anatomy

gross, micro/histology, embryology, and neuroanatomy

oldest, structures seen in dissections and imaging

gross

only seen via microscope, study of cells and tissues and organs

microanatomy

development from fertilization until birth

embryology

structures and functions of the cns pns and ans

neuroanatomy

anatomical position

heads, eyes and toes directed forward(anteriorly). upper limbs to the side with palms open and anteriorly. legs closed and feet parallel

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1

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Median plane of the body

Median plane divides the body

Vertical plane passing though the midline of the body and bisects it into left and right

2

SAGITTAL plane

Sagittal plane

Passing through the body parallel to the medial plane diving the body into uneven left and right sections

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Coronal plane

Coronal plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back/ anterior and posterior halves

1

Transverse/ axial plane

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom halves

2

Frontal plane

1) longitudinal

2) transverse

3) oblique

Proximal

Closer to the orgin

Distal

Further from the orgin

Medial

Near the midline

Lateral

Further from the midline

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Closer to the sole of the floor

Anterior/ ventral

Front of the body

Posterior / dorsal

Back of the body

Green

Extension

Blue

Flexion

Flexion

Bending or decreasing the angle between the bones of the body

Extension

Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones

Blue

Dorsiflexion

Green

Plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle when walking uphill or lifting the floor of the foot and toes off the ground

Plantar flexion

Bends the foot towards the ground as when standing on your

1

Abduction

2

Adduction

3

Lateral rotation

4

Medial rotation

5

Circumduction

6

Supination

7

Pronation

8

Opposition

9

Reposition

1

Retrusion

2

Protrusion

3

Elevation

4

Depression

9

Eversion

10

Inversion

Abduction

Moving from the median plane

Adduction

Moving towards the median plane

Circumdution

Circular movement with Flexion , abduction, extension

Medial rotation

Internal rotation that brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

Lateral rotation

External rotation brings the anterior surface away from the median plane

Pronation

Palm posterior and dorsum anterior

Supination

Palm up ( can hold soup)

Eversion

Move the sole away from the median plane

Inversion

The sole of the foot towards the median plane

Opposition

Pad of the thumb is brought to another finger pad

Reposition

Moving the opposite position back to the anatomical position

Protrusion

Moving the chin lips out tongue forward/anteriorly

Retrusion

Moving the chin, lips, and tongue back/posteriorly

4 main types of medical imaging used by clinicians

Radiographs, CAT/ct scans, MRI and Ultrasound

Oldest imaging techniques using an X-ray source and a film best for bones and picks up densities in tissues

Radiographs

Radiographs

X-ray source and detector rotates around the patient, can be done quickly, gives horizontal planes, view images as though standing at a patients feet and is best for dense tissues

CT

CT

Protons align by a strong magnetic field, safe due to no ionizing radiation, better for soft tissue, provides less info about bones, and people with metallic implants/pacemakers cant use

MRI’s

Uses sound waves reflect tissues safe for preggo and kids real time images of moving structures

Ultrasound

Ultrasounds

4 basic tissues

Epithelia, CT, muscle, and nervous

All tissues of the body are derived from 3 germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Tumors mostly in ovaries, derived from all 3 germ layers, can grow teeth hair muscle cell and epithelium

Dermoid cyst

Dermoid cyst

Covers body surface, lines body cavities, forms glands, cells are touching, avascular , joined by specialized junctions, surface specializations, and separated from underlying ct by basal lamina

Epithelia

Body surface epithelium (epidermis) is derived from

Ectoderm

Epithelium lining body cavities is derived from

Endoderm

Kidney epithelium is derived from

Mesoderm

Sweat Glands are formed from

Ectoderm

Liver and pancreas glands are derived from

Endoderm

How are epithelia classified

Number of layers and cell shape of the top layer

Simple

Epithelia with one layer of cells

Stratified

More than one layer of cells

Pseudostratified

Seems to be more than one layer

Squamous

Flattened cells

Cuboidal

Square cells

Columnar

Tall cells

Transitional epithelium

Cells in the urinary system where the cell shape adapts in order to stretch to hold urine

Simple squamous

Strat squamous

Simple cuboidal and strat cuboidal

Simple columnar and Startified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar and transitional

Mesentery simple squamous cells

Simple squamous in bowman capsule kidney

Stratified cubodial in sweat glands

Strat squamous in esophagus. Top cells are flat, living cells not keratinized

Cilia in trachea specializing in moving food

Microvilli in small intestine to help absorb food

Derived from mesoderm, separated from eachother by Extracellular matrix

Connective tissue

Connective tissue is classified as

CT proper dense, CT proper loose, adipose, bone, cartilage, and blood

CT proper with More fibers than cells

Dense

Ct proper with more cells

Loose