Respiratory System

Flashcards for Respiratory System Lecture

Major Function of Respiratory System

Supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2.

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

Moving air in and out of lungs to replace gases in alveoli.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli.

Respiratory Gas Transport

Blood transporting gases between lungs and cells.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange at systemic capillaries.

Cellular Respiration

O2 used by cell to convert glucose to ATP, and CO2 is a waste product.

Gas Conditioning

Warming, humidifying, and cleansing inhaled gases.

Sound Production

Air moves out of lungs and through larynx speech/singing is produced

Olfaction

Stimulation of smell receptors by airborne molecules.

Defense Mechanisms of Respiratory System

Coarse hairs, twisted passageways, goblet cells & mucous glands.

Organs of the Respiratory System

Nose, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

Conducting Zone

Respiratory pathways that carry air to sites of gas exchange

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx & associated structures.

Nose

Main conducting airway for inhaled air, composed of nasal bones and cartilage

Roof of Nasal Cavity

Ethmoid & sphenoid bones

Floor of Nasal Cavity

Hard & soft palates

External Nares (Nostrils)

Air enters here

Nasal Septum

Ethmoid bone, vomer & septal cartilage.

Internal Nares

Posterior nasal apertures or choanae.

Vestibule

Flared wings with nose hairs (vibrissae) that act as filters

Nasal Conchae

Superior, middle, & inferior that subdivide nasal cavity into air passages.

Olfactory Mucosa

Houses olfactory receptors.

Respiratory Mucosa

Traps fine particles; ciliated cells move debris to pharynx.

Functions of Paranasal Sinuses

Humidify & warm inhaled air, decrease skull weight, voice resonance.

Pharynx

Connects mouth & nasal cavity to larynx & esophagus.

Nasopharynx

Serves only as air passageway.

Uvula

Closes off nasopharynx preventing food from entering nasal cavity.

Oropharynx

Food & air passageway posterior to mouth; lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

Laryngopharynx

Continuous w/ esophagus & larynx to conduct food & air.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli & associated structures.

Functions of the Larynx

Air passageway, blocks ingested materials, produces sound for speech, helps increase abdominal cavity pressure, sneeze & cough reflex.

Thyroid Cartilage

Large shield-like cartilage of the larynx

Laryngeal Prominence

Anterior projection of thyroid cartilage of the larynx.

Cricoid Cartilage

Forms a complete ring in the larynx

Arytenoid Cartilages

Paired Cartilages that Anchor vocal ligaments (cords).

Corniculate Cartilages

Paired Cartilages.

Cuneiform Cartilages

Paired Cartilages that Wedge shaped.

Epiglottis

Guardian of airway; Attaches to posterior aspect of tongue & internally to thyroid cartilage.

Glottis

Vocal ligaments; elastic fibers covered by mucous membrane to form vocal folds/true vocal cords; produces sound.

Rima Glottidis

Medial folds forming opening.

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)

Produces no sound; protects vocal folds.

Trachea

Descends from larynx into mediastinum & divides into primary bronchi.

Annular Ligaments

Connective tissue sheets connecting cartilage rings of the trachea

Trachealis Muscle

Binds together open ends of cartilage rings of the trachea

Bronchial Tree

Branched system of air passageways originating from main bronchi.

Bronchi in Conducting Zone

Primary, Lobar, Segmental, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles

Respiratory Zone Structures

Respiratory bronchioles -> Alveolar ducts -> Alveolar sacs.

Respiratory Bronchioles

Branch from terminal bronchioles.

Alveolar Ducts

Lead from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs.

Alveolar Sacs

Terminal clusters of alveoli.

Significant Features of Alveoli

Fine elastic fibers surrounding structures and Adjacent alveoli interconnected by alveolar pores.

Alveolar Pores

Allows for equalization of air pressure throughout lungs and Provide alternate routes for air around collapsed alveoli.

Alveolar Surfaces

Provide free movement of alveolar macrophages to remove inhaled particles not trapped by mucus.

Type I Cell

Simple squamous epithelial cell in the lungs

Type II Cells

Cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant in the lungs

Pulmonary Surfactant

Helps keep alveoli from collapsing.

Air-Blood Barrier

Thin wall between alveolar lumen & blood.

Alveolus Layers Forming Air-Blood Barrier

Plasma membranes of alveolar type I cell, Endothelial cell of capillary, Fused basement membranes.

Lungs

House bronchial tree & respiratory portion of respiratory system.

Parietal Pleura

Outer layer covering internal surface of thoracic wall & superior surface of diaphragm.

Visceral Pleura

Covers external lung surface.

Pleural Cavity

Filled w/ pleural fluid to reduce friction.

Costal Surface of Lungs

Rounded, broad surface in contact w/ thoracic wall.

Mediastinal Surface of Lungs

Medially facing surface of lungs.

Hilum of Lungs

Indented area where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, etc. pass.

Cardiac Impression

Medial indentation of left lung.

Cardiac Notch

On anterior surface of left lung

Right Lung Lobes and Fissures

Superior, inferior, & middle lobes with horizontal & oblique fissures.

Left Lung Lobes and Fissures

Superior & inferior lobes with oblique fissure.

Lingula

On superior lobe; homologous to middle lobe.

Bronchopulmonary Segments

10 in right lung & 8-10 in left lung.

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

Movement of air into & out of respiratory system.

Quiet Breathing

Rhythmic; occurs at rest.

Forced Breathing

Vigorous; occurs during/after exercise or hard exertion.

Boyle's Law

Pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, & vice versa.