BIOMED EOC

5 steps to crime scene investigation

1. secure crime scene
2. label evidence, draw
3. take photos
4. collect evidence
5. conduct interviews

3 primary fingerprint ridge patterns

arch, whorl, and loops

What is the glaister equation?

used to determine time of death

98.4- recorded temp/1.5hr

Does the glaister equation work for all ambient temperatures?

No. Other outside factors matter like if the body was outside in the sun.

What are the steps to experimental design?

1. Hypothesis

2. Experiment

3. Analyze data

4. Conclusion

Dependent and independent variable

Dependent: what is changing or being measured because of the independent

Independent: gets changed, being manipulated by the experimenter

Algor mortis

The reduction of body temp after death

Rigor mortis

Body stiffens after death

Lividity

Discoloration such as bruises

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

minimizes exposure to hazards

Control group

Basis, doesn't change; what the experiment is compared to

Forensic science

Gathering and examining information to use in a court of law.

Biomedical science

Study of sciences from a clinical perspective. (anatomy, physiology)

What shape is a blood drop if it falls from 90 degrees?

circular, NOT oblong/oval

What is DNA?

Double helix responsible for inherited traits. Made from billions of base pairs bonded together to a sugar phosphate back bone.

Which base pairs bond together?

A + T (adenine and thymine)

G + C (guanine and cytosine)

Which base pairs are purines and pyrimidines?

purines\= A + G

pyrimidines\= C + T

How do scientists isolate DNA to study it?

DNA can be extracted from cells by using detergent to break down the cells nuclear membrane and adding isopropyl alcohol to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell materials.

What are restriction enzymes?

They cut DNA.

What is restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's)?

The different lengths of DNA after being cut that vary person to person.

What is gel electrophoresis?

Separates DNA by length.

It is pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.

Compares an unknown DNA to a known DNA.

What direction does RFLPs move?

Negative to positive because DNA is negative.

Which RFLPs move the farthest?

Small fragments

4 circumstances autopsies are preformed

Foul play, no witnesses, when manner and cause of death cannot be determined

Who performs autopsies?

Medical examiner

Function of urinary system

Kidneys and bladder

Eliminates waste from body and regulates water balance

Function of nervous system

Brain and spinal chord

Responds to internal and external changes

Endocrine system

Pancreas

Secretes hormones that regulate body

Digestive system

Stomach and intestines

Breaks down food

Respiratory system

Lungs

Carries oxygen through the body and blood

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood

Pumps blood around body

Immune system

Attacks foreign substances in the body

5 manners of death

Homicide, suicide, undetermined, natural, accidental

When can HIPAA be legally violated?

By court order or to send information to the health census.

Type 1 diabetes

Body does not make insulin.

Requires insulin shots.

Type 2 diabetes

Body is resistant to insulin.

Body produces so much from being overweight

How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?

Testing blood samples every 30 minutes after drinking a high glucose drink.

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It's job is to allow glucose to enter the cells. Insulin attaches to receptors on the cell membrane which signals the glucose transporter to open the glucose channels.

Homeostasis

Regulating of the bodies internal temperature

Positive feedback

Increases the body's response

i.e. childbirth, blood clotting

Negative feedback

Decreases the body's response

i.e. thirst, output of glucose

Chemical indicator for starch/ what color does it turn

Iodine solution/ purple

Chemical indicator for sugar/ what color does it turn

Benedicts solution/ yellow

Chemical indicator for protein/ what color does it turn

Biuret's Reagent/violet or pinkish

What does a diabetics diet consist of?

High protein/ low carbs and sugar

What do carbohydrates do in the body?

Main source of energy

What does glucose do in the body?

Produces ATP (used for energy)

What do proteins do in the body?

Build and repair muscle

What do lipids do for the body?

Supply energy and provide material for cell membrane.

Dehydration synthesis

Removes water; Releases energy

Creates larger molecules (polymers) from monomers

Hydrolysis

Splits water; Requires energy

Breaks larger molecules(polymers) down into its building blocks.

5 complications of diabetes

Nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, foot damage, cardiovascular disease

Hyperglycemia

Higher than normal blood sugar

hypoglycemia

lower than normal blood sugar

Common name and function of an erythrocyte

Red blood cell

Carry oxygen in the blood

Common name and function of an leucocyte

White blood cell

Fights foreign diseases and infections

Common name and function of thrombocyte

Platelet

Helps with blood clotting

Function of plasma

Where red and white blood cells are suspended

Describe blood flow if red blood cells are sickled

Blood does not flow through smoothly and creates blood clots

What is a hematocrit?

The ratio of red blood cells to blood / measured by centrifuge.

3 potential treatments for sickle cell

Blood transfusions

Antibiotics

Hydroxyurea

Transcription

Synthesis of RNA from a strand of DNA

*when transcribing, change a to u

Translation

mRNA into proteins

What determines the shape of a protein?

Where the DNA folds, by its surroundings, hydrophobicity

What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in water?

Hydrophobic fold

Hydrophilic absorb

What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in oil?

Hydrophobic absorb

Hydrophilic fold

Point mutation

Changes one letter which only changes the codon, ex

Changes glutamic acid (hydrophobic) to valine (hydrophilic)

Frameshift mutation

Deletes or adds a base which shifts every codon in the dna

Mitosis

1 chromosome into 2