BIO 182: Chapter 1

\
The smallest entity that can be considered a living organism is the 

Cell

The cell theory states that new cells come from:

Pre-existing cells

All organisms are made of _, which are the smallest units of life

cells

An organism that consists of many cells is called a(n) 

multicellular organism

Identify features shared by all living things

o   The ability to maintain homeostasis

o   The ability to respond to a stimulus

o   Genetic material composed of DNA

o   The ability to interact with the environment

What is the smallest unit of life?

Cell

In order to maintain an organized body structure, all organisms need an input of which of the following?

Energy

How are new cells produced?

By the division of pre-existing cells

What is metabolism?

The chemical reactions that synthesize and break down cellular molecules

State the three principles of the cell theory

o   Cells are the smallest units of life.

o   All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

o   Cells come from pre-existing cells via cell division.

Unicellular organisms are composed of ______, while multicellular organisms are composed of ______.

one cell; many cells

All living organisms are capable of interacting with their environments

True

Organisms need energy to maintain internal ______, the specific arrangements and functions of cells

Order 

The chemical reactions involved in the breakdown and synthesis of cellular molecules are collectively called:

metabolism

Living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain stable internal conditions such as body temperature. This process is called 

homeostasis

The process by which offspring are generated is called:

Reproduction

In order to survive, all living things must be able to interact with:

their environment

Identify features shared by all living things:

o   The ability to maintain homeostasis

o   Genetic material composed of DNA

o   The ability to respond to a stimulus

o   The ability to interact with the environment

All living organisms contain genetic material that is composed of

DNA

What is homeostasis?

The ability of organisms to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

A key feature of _ is that offspring resemble their parents

reproduction

Which process directly sustains life from one generation to the next?

Reproduction

Segments of DNA that govern the characteristics of an organism are called

Genes

The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biological 

evolution

\
Species that live today are related to organisms that lived in the past but not to other currently existing species.

False

Which of the following serves as the genetic material of all living things?

DNA

What determines the function of a biological molecule?

Its structure

\
What is a key feature of reproduction?

\
Offspring resemble their parents

What are emergent properties?

\
Characteristics that arise through interactions among smaller components in an organism

\
Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a(n):

DNA molecule

A key aspect of biological studies is _, which tests the validity of one or more hypotheses

experimentation

\
What is biological evolution?

Change in a population of organisms over 

A scientific model is a depiction of a real-world phenomenon that may be:

o   conceptual.

o   mathematical.

o   physical.

All species, both past and present, are related to one another through a(n)

evolutionary history

List the levels of organization seen in living organisms, beginning with the smallest level

o   Organ

o   Organism

o   Population

o   Community

o   Ecosystem

o   Biosphere

One of the principles exhibited by all forms of life is that structure determines _, which applies to small molecules, macromolecules, and multicellular tissues and features.

function

The smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element is the

atom

When individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called 

emergent properties

\
Biologists are curious about the living world, ask a particular question, and often, then formulate a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis by:

conducting experiments

Identify the level of biological organization that describes each example

o   Muscle – tissue

o   Blood cell – cell

o   Places on Earth where organisms live – biosphere

o   A river and the organisms that live in it – ecosystem

If testing a real-world phenomenon is impractical, biologists may use a scientific _ to test and convey that aspect of life

model

Arrange the levels of biological organization according to size, from the smallest to the largest

o   Atom

o   Molecule

o   Macromolecule

o   Cell

o   Tissue

o   Organ

\
Atoms combine to form 

molecules

All matter is composed of

atoms

A _, which is the simplest unit of life, is surrounded by a membrane and contains macromolecules

cell

\
What are emergent properties?

\
Characteristics that arise through interactions among smaller components in an organism

Match each word or phrase on the left with the appropriate level of biological organization

o   Heart – organ

o   DNA – macromolecule

o   School of fish – population

o   Plants, animals, and other living organisms in a forest – community

o   Mosquito - organism

\
What is a tissue?

\
A group of similar cells that are associated with one another

Molecules are formed by the bonding together of:

atoms

An organ is composed of two or more types of 

Tissues

\
A _ is surrounded by a membrane and contains macromolecules. It is considered the simplest unit of life

cell

\
Both ______ seen among modern species are explained by biological evolution

\
the unity and diversity

The fact that all forms of life display a common set of characteristics describes the ______ of life

\
unity

In the case of multicellular organisms, cells of the same type that associate with one another form a(n)

Tissue

The diversity of life forms that exist on Earth is due to:

the large variety of environments found on Earth

\
Similar _ *make up a tissue, and two or more types of tissue make up a(n)* _

cells; organ

Evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function

True

What characteristic of living organisms explains both the unity and diversity of modern species?

Evolution

The unity of common traits is rooted in the phenomenon of:

evolution from pre-existing ancestors

The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are vertical descent with modification/mutation and _ gene transfer

horizontal

Diverse forms of life have evolved to prosper in the different environments the Earth has to offer

True

In vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of _, which are changes in the genetic message

mutations

Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the:

modification of pre-existing structures for a new function

Consider a mutation that alters an organism's traits so that it increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction of the organism. Such a mutation may become more common in the population over time due to a process called _

natural selection

Which type of gene transfer is more common, vertical transfer or horizontal transfer?

Vertical transfer

Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?

o   Horizontal gene transfer

o   Vertical descent with mutation

An organism acquires genetic information from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. This mechanism is termed 

horizontal gene transfer

How do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution?

Via accumulation of mutations

Changes in the frequency of beneficial mutations over generations is called:

natural selection

An adaptation is a trait with a functional role in the life of an organism, and which has evolved by means of 

natural selection

Horizontal gene transfer occurs more commonly than vertical descent

False

Select the adaptations that have evolved in polar bears to allow them to be successful hunters of seals.

o   tapered body shape

o   sharp teeth and claws

o   hollow, white hairs

What can be said about evolution and birds of paradise?

Evolution has resulted in greater diversity

What type of gene transfer can occur between members of different species?

Horizontal gene transfer

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as

science

A characteristic in a species that is the result of natural selection is called a(n)

adaptation

Identify the level of biological organization that is the focus of each subdiscipline within biology

o   Ecology - Populations, communities, and ecosystems

o   Anatomy and physiology – organisms

o   Cell biology – cells

o   Molecular biology - Molecules and macromolecules

Certain adaptations in polar bears allow them to withstand cold temperatures. For example, these animals have a ______ surface-area to volume (SA/V) ratio, which allows for ______ heat loss through the skin.

lower; less

Birds-of-paradise are a group of closely-related species that are

diverse

A hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon

\
The normal version of the *CFTR* gene, which is associated with cystic fibrosis, codes for a transporter of:

chloride ions

Science involves which of the following? 

o   Theoretical explanation

o   Experimental investigation

o   Observation

Discovery-based science is a useful approach because the data collected in discovery science may lead to the formation of new ______ that can be tested.

hypotheses

Match each subdiscipline within biology with the correct description.

o   Anatomy – the study of the structures of plants and animals

o   Physiology - The study of the functions of plants and animals

o   Molecular biology – The study of the molecules and macromolecules within cells

o   Cell biology – the study of cells

o   Ecology - The study of organisms in their natural environments

The process of collecting and analyzing data without a preconceived hypothesis is referred to as 

discovery-based science

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called a(n)

hypothesis

\
What is the function of the *CFTR* gene, which is mutated in patients with cystic fibrosis?

It encodes a chloride ion transporter

The difference between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing is

whether data are collected and analyzed under a pre-formed hypothesis

Discovery-based science does not test hypotheses. Why is this approach useful to scientists?

o   It may have practical applications that benefit people.

o   It may lead to the formation of hypotheses.

How is discovery-based science conducted?

Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis

The scientific method is also known as 

hypothesis testing

\
Arrange the following steps of the scientific method in the correct order, beginning with the first step at the top.

o   Observations are made regarding a natural phenomenon

o   A hypothesis is proposed to explain the observations

o   Experiments are conducted

o   Data are analyzed

o   The hypothesis is supported or rejected

Ideally, control and experimental groups should differ in how many variables?

1

\
When data collection and analysis are performed without a preconceived hypothesis, it is an example of

discovery-based science

How did hypothesis testing contribute to knowledge about cystic fibrosis?

It led to experiments demonstrating the function of the protein encoded by the *CFTR* gene.

The purpose of the scientific method is to

test hypotheses

Before publication, a scientific report undergoes the 

peer-review process

Choose the steps that are part of the scientific method

o   Observation

o   Experimentation

o   Formulation of a hypothesis

o   Data analysis

Scientists often conduct their experiments in a parallel manner on two groups: an experimental group and a _ group, one in which the key variable is kept constant

control

Hypothesis testing contributed to our understanding of the _ of the *CFTR* gene, which is associated with cystic fibrosis.

function