Basics of Pharmacology - Flashcards

Flashcards covering the fundamentals of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and key definitions.

Pharmacokinetics (PK) is defined as __.

What does the body does to the drug?

The four key processes in Pharmacokinetics are __.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME)

Pharmacodynamics (PD) studies __.

What does the drug does to the body?

The relationship between plasma concentration and pharmacological effect is studied in __.

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

The process by which unchanged drug proceeds from the site of administration to the systemic circulation is called __.

Absorption

The extent of drug absorption is referred to as __.

Bioavailability

The main organ for metabolism of drugs is __.

Liver

The irreversible removal of intact drugs from the body is known as __.

Excretion (mainly through the kidneys)

The main factor impacting drug distribution in the body is __.

Plasma protein binding

The concept of how a drug interacts with its receptor is part of __.

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

What is the main graph used in Pharmacokinetics?

Plasma time-conc curve

What is the main graph used in Pharmacodynamics?

Dose-response curve

Fill in the missing titles

Inhalation is the second fastest route but not included in this graph

What are the 4 routes of ocular administration?

Topical, Periocular, Intraocular, and Systemic

Give 5 examples of Topical administration

Eye drops

Ointments

Gels

Ocuserts

Contact Lenses

Give 4 examples of Periocular administration

Subconjunctival (SC)
Subtenon (ST)

Retrobulbar (RB)
Perobulbar (PB)

Give 2 examples of Intraocular administration

Intravitreal (IVT)
Intracameral (IC)

Give 2 examples of Systemic administration

Intravenous (IV)
Oral (OS)

Which one of these absorptions is active transport?

• Paracellular transport

• Diffusion

• Facilitated diffusion

• ABC transporters

ABC transporters

__ is the most common absoprtion route.

Diffusion

To be successfully absorbed, a drug must be:

__ enough to dissolve in bodily fuilds.

__ enough to cross lipidic membranes.

Hydrophilic enough to dissolve in bodily fluids

Lipophilic enough to cross lipidic membranes

For oral dosing, it is mainly determined by the extent of hepatic __ - __ effect.

First-pass effect: The liver “takes a quote” of any drug taken orally, before it reached the systemic circulation.

__ is the chemical modification and/or breakdown of a xenobiotic/drug occuring in the body.

Metabolism

Sites contributing to drug excretion includes?

• Bile

• Sweat

• Tears

• Saliva

• Lung exhalations

• Milk

List 4 barriers for ocular delivery of a topically administered drug.

• Tear protein binding, melanin binding

• Intraocular metabolism

• Pre-corneal fluid drainage

• Crossing cornea and other absorption barries

The goal of metabolism is to make the drug as __ as possible for it to be dissolved and excreted through urine.

water soluable/hydrophillic

What is the basic principle of drug action?

Induced Fit

Between Drug A and Drug B, which drug is more potent?

Drug A because a lower conc is needed to acheive the same effect.

Potency is related to the __ interactions.

Binding
The better the drug binds to the target, the lower amount of drug needed to have a certain effect, therefore, more potent.

Which drugs have the same potency?

Drug A and Drug C

What drugs have the same efficacy?

Drug A and Drug B

Fill in the missing titles

What are the 5 right-steps-follow” in drug administration?

• Right Patient

• Right Drug

• Right Time

• Right Route

• Right Dose

Fill in the blanks

What should you do before opening drop bottles?

What should you do after opening a new bottle?

Check the date of the bottle before opening and instilling to a patient

Upon opening - label it with date of opening