Studied by 98 peopleHelicotrema
End of cochlea where scala vestibuli & scala tympani conjoin
Malleous, Incus, Stapes
Order of 3 ossicles of the ear
helicotrema 2. oval window
Low pitch sound will stimulate taste cells closer to the...& high pitch will stimulate hair cells closer to the …
a smaller quantity
higher volume sounds stimulate a larger quantity of hair cells meanwhile quieter volumes will stimulate… Hair cells
Supine
A person laying face up's position is...
Thoracic
Body cavity that contains upper organs
epithelial tissue covers the outside
Does epithelial tissue cover the inside or outside
false epithelial tissue is avascular
True or false: epithelial tissue is vascular
simple, stratified and pseudo stratified
what are the three different terms for number of layers of a epitheleal tissue
squamous cuboidal and columnar
what are the different shapes of epithelial tissue
Where is the line pointing to& what 2 meninges pull away to form it
Fax cerebri s the periostea dura & meningeal dura split to form it
stratified squamous
which tissue type can be a keratinized or nonkeratinized
Olives
Info is sent from the spinal cord to the cerebellum from which area of the medulla oblongata
Posterior, anterior & inferior
3 horns of lateral ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
What connects the third & fourth ventricle of the brain
Medulla oblongata, descending
Pyramids are found in the...of the brain & contain... Tracts to the spinal cord
Decussation of pyramids
One side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body muscles, this is due to...
Pons
Sleep center for sleep, respiratory center & communication from the cerebrum to cerebellum ( via pontine nuclei) is in which part of the brain?
2 superior colliculi for visual reflexes & 2 inferior colliculi for hearing
The tectum in the midbrain contains 4 nuclei - what are they?
Cerebellar peduncles. superior peduncle in the midbrain, middle peduncle for the pons and inferior peduncle for the medulla oblongata
Each section of the mid brain has... Which send info from that section to the cerebellum
Cerebellum
Arbor vitae & folia are the tree branch looking white matter & folds of the..
Cerebellum
The vermis,, primary fissure, and flocculonodular lobe can be found in the...
Flocculonodular lobe: balance Vermis: gross & fine motor coordination Cerebella hemisphere: fine motor coordination
Match the cerebella region with its function: flocculonodular lobe, vermis & cerebella (lateral)hemisphere. functions: gross motor coordination, balance and fine motor coordination
True
True or false: thalamus is grey matter
subthalamus: subthalamic nuclei control motor function
section of diencephalon inferior to thalamus, ascending and descending nerve tracts and controlling motor function
epithalamus
which portion of diencephalon contains the habenula (visceral and emotional response to odor) and pineal gland (melatonin and puberty
infundibulum
stalk of hypothalamus connecting it to pituitary gland
the hypothalamus contains several regions that control bodily functions and they are so tightly packed together the stimulation of one region may effect another
reason why our emotions can have an impact on hunger and thirst
cerebral cortex and cerebral medulla
outer layer of grey matter of the cerebrum is the … and the white matter is the …
parietal lobe
which lobe of the cerebrum controls sensory info, blood pH and touch and pressure
association fibres connect the same hemisphere, projection fibres connect a hemisphere to the spinal cord and commissural fibres connect the 2 different hemispheres
where do the different fibre tracts in the cerebral medulla go? Association fibres, commisural fibres and projection fibres
Hypoglossal: swallowing & speech
Functions of cranial nerve XII and what its name
Vagus (x)
This cranial nerve's motor function is swallowing & voice production
GI control, respiration & lower heartrate
Vagus nerve's pm functions
Glossopharyngeal
Which cranial nerve's sensory function is to monitor swallowing muscles
Trigeminal V
Cranial nerve involved in chewing food
Occulomotor III
Cranial nerve involved in focusing eye
Hypoglossal XII
Cranial nerve involved in moving tongue
Trigeminal v
Cranial nerve responsible for feeling a tooth ache
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
The olfactory nerve passes through which plate of which bone?
True: potassium leak channels or are more numerous than sodium leak channels oh, hence why three sodium ions move out of the cell while only two potassium ions move into the cell
True or false: potassium leak channels or are more numerous than sodium leak channels
Number of open channels 2. Size of ions 3. Number of gated channels
What are the 3 factors contributing to a membranes permeability
Proteins
The plasma membrane is impermeable to these large negatively charged molecules
Graded/local potential Action potential
2 types of electrical signals/ potentials
Graded/local potentials
Which type of electrical signal only communicates over short distances and uses ligand and mechanical channels
Action potentials
which type of electrical signal communicates over short and long distances and uses voltage gated channels
potassium channels open and sodium channels close. this means that sodium can no longer move into the cell. Potassium can now move freely out of the cell following its chemical gradient this means that a positive charge from potassium is leaving the cell causing it to become more negative therefore re-polarizing.
Repolarization occurs due to______channels opening and ________channels closing
potassium
after potential is caused by________channels staying open too long. letting the ion leaving the cell.
the sodium potassium pump
following after potential what system brings the membrane potential back to resting
No, suprathreshold
in an absolute refractory period______ stimulus will begin another action potential however during the relative refractory period, a______ stimulus will begin another action potential.
Frequency
stimulus strength is determined by______of action potentials
Slower
Colder axons will transmit signals faster or slower
type a nerve fibre
motor neurons have the fastest nerve fibre type. what is it?
electrical synapse
Proteins called connexons connect smooth muscle cells and spread an action potential between those cells in which type of synapse
enzymatic degradation
one way for a neurotransmitter to be removed is through __________, where acetylcholinesterase breaks apart acetylcholine
norepinephrine gets brought back into the pre synaptic terminal by a transporter and is either packaged back into a vesicle or broken apart into other molecules
how does removal of a neurotransmitter via uptake by neuron or glial cells work
intervertebral foramina
spinal nerves exit the vertebrae through…
2
The actual spinal cord only runs until L… but spinal nerves still continue past that
filum terminale
The pia mater that anchors down the spinal cord at the bottom is the…
conus medullaris
the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the…
denticulate
…..ligaments anchor spinal cord laterally (hint: teeth of spinal cord)
lumbosacral enlargement
the cervical and ……. enlargements are there to accommodate the neurons of upper and lower limbs in the spinal cord.
false: the spinal cord has 3 of each, dorsal lateral and ventral columns and horns.
true or false: the spinal cord is divided into 2 horns and 2 columns
central canal
middle of spinal cord that contains CSF and is continuous with ventricles of brain
true: this is because the ventral (motor)and dorsal (sensory) roots merge together to form a spinal nerve
true or false: spinal nerves have ALL both sensory and motor functions
anterior/ ventral
autonomic motor neurons exit spinal cord through the __________ root
There are 8 cervical spinal neves. the first exits above c1 and the last below c7
how many cervical spinal nerves are there and where do they exit?
4 pairs of spinal nerves exit sacral foramina
how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the sacral foramina?
one pair of coccygeal nerves
How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there
endoneurium, perineurium and perineurium
what are the protective covering layers of a spinal nerve? (hint: thing endo peri epi)
dorsal ramus
which branch of the spinal cord innervates deep back muscles and some connective tissue?
ventral rami
which rami form the plexuses of the spine?
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
name all of the spinal plexuses
the brachial plexus
which spinal plexus supplies the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar and median nerves?
obturator and femoral
what are the 2 main nerves that the lumbar plexus supplies?
tibial and common fibular nerve
the sciatic nerve (L4 to S4) is made of the ________ and _________ ___________ nerves
dual innervation
when the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reach the same organ
excitatory
in the motor division of the PNS, the autonomic division creates excitatory and inhibitory responses while the somatic division only creates ___________ responses
lateral
autonomic neurons begin in the spinal cord in the _______ horn
autonomic ganglion
before going to an organ, the autonomic neuron must first synapse at the
collateral/ prevertebral ganglia and trunk/chain ganglia. collateral ganglia are closer to organ.
2 types of ganglia the preganglionic neuron might synapse with in the sympathetic nervous system. and which one is closer to the effector organ
adrenal medulla
sympathetic axons that pass through the chain AND collateral ganglia go straight to the
sympathetic nerve
sympathetic axons that synapse with chain ganglia can either exit the spinal nerve to the skin of the neck, trunk and limbs or it can exit the ___________ nerve to the heart and lungs
it passes through the chain ganglion and synapses at the collateral ganglion.
what is the route of the sympathetic axon that exits splanchnic nerve to the abdominipelvic organs.
parasympathetic
terminal ganglia can be found it which division of the autonomic nervous system
adrenergic
acetylcholine is cholinergic while norepinephrin is
norepinephrin (adrenergic)
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system secrete
cholinergic (acetylcholine)
muscarinic and nocotinic receptors are associated with which neurotransmitter
adrenergic (norepinephrin)
alpha and beta receptors are associated with which neurotransmitter
true
true or false: preganglionic axons are myelinated and postganglionic axons are unmyelinated
excitatory
nocotinic receptors always have an________ response
baroreceptors
what are the receptors that are found in large arteries that detect stretch and change in blood pressure?
parasympathetic
less complicated and terminal
opposing. (ex. one system may lower heart rate, the other raises it)
when their is dual innervation, the two systems often have ________ effects
craniosacral division
the parasympathic preganglionic neurons come from 4 cranial nerves and sacral segments of the spinal cord therefore it is sometimes called the…
hypothalamus
which part of the brain handles parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
emotional and visceral reaction to smell
the primary olfactory area determines conscious perception of smell in the frontal and temporal lobs meanwhile the secondary olfactory area is connected to the habenula to determine…
filliform papillae
which papillae does not have taste buds and is shaped to allow manipulation of food
false
true or false: taste cells have axons
medulla oblongata, insula
for our sensation of taste, the tastant will get to the tongue, the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve bring the sensory info to the ……… then to the thalamus and finally the …………
Note
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