ch 4

Public Speaking

requires an audience to hear (otherwise: private speaking)

"public speaking truly effective is when the audience hears and listens"

Hearing

something everyone does without trying; hearing is unintentional

"Hearing is a three-step process. It involves receiving sound in the ear, perceiving sound in the brain, and processing the information offered by the sounds to associate and distinguish it"

Auditory Association

auditory cortex recognizes a sound has been heard and begins to process the sound by matching it to previously encountered sound...

"The process by which the mind sorts the perceived sound into a category so that heard information is recognized. New stimuli is differentiated by comparing and contrasting with previously heard sound"

Listening

requires one to pay conscious attention; we need to reply intentional effort to actually listen

"This is the conscious act of focusing on the words or sounds to make meaning of a message. Listening requires more intentional effort than the physiological act of listening"

Appreciative Listening

"Listening for entertainment or pleasure purposes. This is they type of listening we might employ listening to music, watching television, or viewing a movie"

Relational Listening

"The active and involved listening we do with people we love and care about. This is listening where we acknowledge our sympathy for the speaker, encourage them to tell more, or build trust with friends or family members by showing interest in their concerns."

Empathetic (Therapeutic) Listening

"A level of relationship listening that aims to help the speaker feel heard and understand, also appreciated."

employed by counselors, conflict mediators, or religious representatives

Critical Listening

"When we are listening, aiming to gain information, with which we will evaluate a speaker of the product or proposal the speaker is endorsing. This is often employed when we are looking to make choices, or find points of disagreement with a speaker."

examples: political event, attending a debate, or enduring a salesperson's pitch

Informational Listening

"Listening to learn information."

examples: students listening to a teacher's lecture, or a pastor at a church

Academic Benefits

(value of listening)

"a strong link between effective listening and school success"

When students listen, they catch the instructions, pointers, feedback, and hints they can use to make the assignment better or get a better score on the test

Professional Benefits

(value of listening)

"better understand and make connections between ideas and information; change perspectives and challenge assumptions; empathize and show respect or appreciation, which can enhance relationships; and build self-esteem"

Personal Benefits

(value of listening)

Feeling of connection; better able to make a positive difference in interactions; able to remedy conflicts

Communication Loop

"A traditional communication model that has both sender and receiver sharing responsibility for communicating a message, listening, and offering feedback.

The sender encodes a message for the receiver to decode. Effectiveness of the communication depends on the two sharing similar interpretation of the message and feedback (verbal and nonverbal)"

The Three A's of Active Listening

1: Attention

2: Attitudes

3:Adjustment

Attention

"attentions is the fundamental difference between hearing and listening"

requires intentional effort on your part; effective listener processes speaker's words, distinguish key points, and mental summarize them (key points)

Listening Reminder

"A note made by a listener acknowledging intent to focus on the speaker's message and tune out distractions. A reminder might also encourage a listener to keep an open mind, or to provide open and encouraging body language"

Attitude

"approaching the task of listening with a positive attitude and an open-mind make the act of listening much easier"

make up mind after speaker is done with speech/speaking

Deaf Spots

impair ability to perceive and understand things counter to our convictions

Adjustment

we don't know in advance what speaker is going to be saying; so be flexible.

"If the audience members are more intent on reacting to or anticipating what is said, they will be poor listeners indeed."

Barriers to Effective Listening

1-anticipating

2- judging

3-reacting emotionally

Anticipating

(thinking about what the listener is likely to say)

the only answer is humility, and recognizing there is always something new to be learned; because by anticipating, you stop ACTIVELY listening (roommate example - how anticipating what you'll say makes you deaf to roommate's argument and point of view)

Judging

"Jumping to conclusions about the speaker is another barrier to effective listening"

("the effective listener will instead accept that people may have their own individual foibles, but they can still be good speakers and valuable sources of insight or information")

Reacting Emotionally

"You begin formulating a heated response to the speaker's perspective, or searing questions you might ask to show the holes in the speaker's arguments"

or get caught up in own emotions (family member's death example)

Emotional Trigger

"A word, concept, or idea that causes the listener to react emotionally. When listeners react to a speaker from an emotional perspective, their ability to listen effectively is compromised."

Strategies to Enhance Listening

1: Keep an Open Mind

2: Identify Distractions

3: Come Prepared

4: Take Notes

Nonverbal Communication

"Physical behaviors that communicate the message or the feedback from the listener. These include leaning in, nodding one's head, maintaining eye contact, crossing arms in front of the body, and offering sounds of agreement or dissent."

Verbal Feedback

"asking questions when the opportunity presents itself can help you as a listener."

ask open-ended questions; use questions to confirm your understanding of the speaker's message; approach the speaker in a positive non-threatening way; paraphrasing for connection

Writing for the Ear

"Keeping in mind, when writing a speech, that you must use language, pace, repetition, and other elements to help your audience to hear and see what you are speaking about. Remember, the listener must hear and understand your message as you speak it."

Intrinsic Motivation

"effective listeners will find a reason within themselves to want to hear, understand, interpret, and remember the speaker's message."

examples: want to learn the material out of curiosity about the topic

Encouraging Effective Listening

1: Make Listeners Care

2: Cue Listeners

3: Convince them to Engage

Make Your Listener's Care

Imperative to establish a reason for your listeners to care about what you are saying (humans driven by ego)

tell them "what's in it" for them

example: "by the end of my speech, you'll have all the tools you need to make a mosaic on your own."

Cue Your Listeners

"Audiences also lean in further when you employ active voice."

speaking without hesitation; employ repetition; vocal emphasis/use volume; pace/pause

Active voice: put actor and action first in sentence to sound less robotic (otherwise known as passive voice)

Convince them to Engage

"Listener's respond to people"

Ethos

"A speaker aims to establish creditability on the topic at hand with their audience by appealing to ethos."

Reflect speaker's character, their ability to speak to the values of the listener, and their competence to discuss the topic.

...connecting with the audience through referencing things the speaker has in common with the listeners (credible to the audience by the speaker is like them)

Pathos

"An appeal to the audience's emotions, trying to trigger sympathy, pity, guilt, or sorrow."

"speaker may employ this emotional appeal in a persuasive speech about Habitat for Humanity by asking her audience to think fist about the comforts of home/dorm living."

Public Speaking

requires an audience to hear (otherwise: private speaking)

"public speaking truly effective is when the audience hears and listens"

Hearing

something everyone does without trying; hearing is unintentional

"Hearing is a three-step process. It involves receiving sound in the ear, perceiving sound in the brain, and processing the information offered by the sounds to associate and distinguish it"

Auditory Association

auditory cortex recognizes a sound has been heard and begins to process the sound by matching it to previously encountered sound...

"The process by which the mind sorts the perceived sound into a category so that heard information is recognized. New stimuli is differentiated by comparing and contrasting with previously heard sound"

Listening

requires one to pay conscious attention; we need to reply intentional effort to actually listen

"This is the conscious act of focusing on the words or sounds to make meaning of a message. Listening requires more intentional effort than the physiological act of listening"

Appreciative Listening

"Listening for entertainment or pleasure purposes. This is they type of listening we might employ listening to music, watching television, or viewing a movie"

Relational Listening

"The active and involved listening we do with people we love and care about. This is listening where we acknowledge our sympathy for the speaker, encourage them to tell more, or build trust with friends or family members by showing interest in their concerns."