UTILITARIANISMS

Act Utilitarianism:

the morally right action is the one that directly
produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered.

2. "Better to be Socrates Dissatisfied than a Pig Satisfied":

John Stuart Mill’s response to the “Swine Objection.” He claims that higher pleasures (e.g., intellectual, moral) are superior to lower pleasures (e.g., bodily) and that even with more pain, it is better to be a higher being.

3. Experience Machine:

A thought experiment by Robert Nozick meant to
challenge Hedonistic Utilitarianism. It imagines a machine that gives you any pleasurable experience you want—but suggests people would refuse to plug in, showing we value more than just pleasure (e.g., reality, authenticity, achievement).

4. Higher Pleasures:

According to Mill, pleasures of the mind and moral
character—like intellectual engagement and moral action—which are of greater value than bodily pleasure

Lower Pleasures:

Bodily or sensual pleasures—e.g., eating, drinking,
physical comfort—that are shared with animals and considered inferior in quality to higher pleasures.

6. "No Rest"-Problem for Act Utilitarianism:

A critique that Act
Utilitarianism demands constant moral effort, requiring agents to always
act in ways that maximize happiness, leaving no moral rest or room for
personal projects.

"Pushpin is as Good as Poetry

Jeremy Bentham's view that all pleasures are equal in kind; the value of an activity lies only in the
amount of pleasure it produces, whether it’s a game of pushpin or reading
poetry.

8. Principle of Utility:

Bentham's principle which approves or disapproves
of every action according to its tendency to augment or diminish the
happiness of the affected party.

9. Rule Utilitarianism:

The morally right action is the one covered by a
rule that, if generally followed, would produce the most favorable balance
of good over evil, everyone considered