rad 117 test 1

Wilhem Conrad Rongten

who discovered xrays?

November 8, 1895

when were xrays discovered?

occurs after dose of over 100r is exposed to the body

what is acute radiation syndrome?

genetic effects

effects of radiation that occurs generations after exposure

somatic effects

effects of radiation on the body being irradiated

dose limit for occupational

5 rem, 50 msv

dose limit for general public

0.5 rem, 5 msv

does limit for in training workers (minors)

0.1 rem, 1 msv

dose limit for pregnant worker

0.5 rem, 5 msv

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

what is ALARA

collimation

focus xray beam on to the appropriate area to reduce scatter, increase contrast, and better quality scan

American College of Radiology

ACR

American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers

ARDMS

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

ARRT

Association of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology

ACERT

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

JCERT

Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board

NMTCB

a set of moral principles that governs ones course of action

ethics are

a set of standards that establish what is right or good

moral principles are

autonomy

the right of all persons to make decisions free from external pressure

beneficence

all acts must be to attain a good result or to be beneficial

justice

all persons treated equally

nonmaleficence

the duty to abstain from inflicting harm and preventing harm

liablity

technologists may be held legally liable

intentional tort

purposeful deed committed with the intention of producing the consequences of the deed

unintentional tort

committed due to a negligent act

simple consent

obtaining a patient's permission to perform a procedure, without knowledge of that procedure

Implied consent

inferred by the patients actions, or in the case of an unconscious patient

expressed consent

clearly and unmistakably stated, does not have to be written

informed consent

always in writing, only legal if patient is coherent, of age, and understands the language the information was given in

inadequate (ignorant) consent

the patient has not been informed adequately to make a responsible decision

incident report

documentation when an injury to a patient or any error made by personnel

unusual occurrence

accident notification report, injury or incident may not be as severe

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

HIPAA

fifth (lowest) need

physiological needs

fourth need in maslows hierarchy

safety

third need in maslows hierarchy

belongingness, relationships, friends

second need in maslows hierarchy

esteem

First need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

self-actualization

nosocomial infection

an infection acquired during hospitalization

latrogenic infection

direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

community acquired infection

a person who enters a health care facility with an infection

exogenous infection

infections that are caused by microorganisms that are not normal flora

endogenous infection

results from an overgrowth of normal flora

factors that encourage nosocomial infections

-Environment

-Therapeutic regimen

-Equipment

-Contamination during medical procedures

factors that increase the potential for nosocomial infection

age, heredity, nutritional status, stress, inadequate rest and exercise, personal habit, health history, inadequate defenses

common sites for nosocomial infections

-wounds

-urinary tract

-respiratory tract

-blood stream

bacteria

colorless, minute, one cell organisms with a typical nucleus with DNA and RNA

gram positive bacteria

thick cell wall, can form a highly resistant endospore

gram negative bacteria

thin cell wall

aerobes

require oxygen

anaerobes

do not require oxygen and may even be killed by exposure

opportunists

adapts to environments

diseases caused by bacteria

tuberculosis, salmonella, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus

fungi

eukaryotic microbes that require an aerobic environment to live and reproduce

protists

Eukaryotic microorganisms with many different structures - most are unicellular.

protozoa

one-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria, often parasitic

viruses

smallest microorganisms known to produce disease, made of DNA or RNA but never both. invades host cells.

Viral environment

poor nutritional status, poor health, increased stress of host, excessive use of drugs or alcohol

elements of transmission

infectious agent - reservoir - portal of exit - mode of transmission - portal of entry - repeat

the process of infection

incubation, prodromal, full disease, convalescent

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus, converts viral material from RNA to DNA

Viral Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by 5 separate RNA viruses

Hepatitis A and E

fecal-oral route

hepatitis B,C,D

blood or body route

tuberculosis

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

an infection caused by specific bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics

VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus)

overgrowth of normal flora, resistant to many antibiotics and 2nd most causative microbe for nosocomial infections

C. diff

disruption of normal flora in the intestinal tract delete

infection prevention

practice strict medical asepsis

be immunized

dress appropriately

keep hair short or pulled up and away

wash your hands

hand hygiene

washing hands with either plain or antiseptic soap and water and using alcohol-based hand rubs, wash for at least 15 seconds

Airborne Isolation

Isolation techniques intended to reduce the risk of selected infectious agents transmitted by "small droplets" of aerosol particles (small pox, tuberculosis, varicella). patient must have a private room with a negative pressure air ventilation.

Droplet Isolation

all influenzas, all meningitis, diptheria, purtussis, mumps

-private room, gloves, mask, handwashing, pt wears mask when leaving room, disposable supplies

contact isolation

used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted directly or indirectly (MRSA, VRE, HERPES)

zone 1

unrestricted zone, persons may enter in street clothing

zone 2

semi restricted zone, only persons dressed in scrub dress with hair covered and shoes covered may enter

zone 3

restricted zone

OSHA dress

shoes, personal hygiene, nails, body piercings, hair covered, shoe covers

surgical team

• Surgeon

• Surgical assistant

• Anesthesiologist/CRNA

• Scrub nurse/tech

• Circulating nurse

• Imaging technologist (as needed)

disinfectants

A solution capable of destroying pathogenic microorganisms or inhibiting their growth