Postwar Europe, US Cultural Shifts, and 1960s Movements

In postwar Western Europe, the one segment of the workforce that expanded most rapidly was ________, as a result of the bureaucratic expansion of the state.

white-collar workers

Created in 1947, one invention that helped further the spread of popular music was

transistor radios.

In the 1960s, American music blended with European talent to produce the

"British invasion."

The artistic school of abstract expressionism included

Mark Rothko.

To emphasize the physical aspects of paint, abstract expressionist painter ________ poured and even threw paint onto canvas, creating powerful images of personal and physical expressiveness.

Jackson Pollock

________ placed itself at the center of an international film industry as evidence by the popularity of the Cannes film festival.

France

Which of the following film personalities is not correctly paired with their work?

Francois Truffaut—A Generation

In 1952, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that movies were protected as First Amendment speech, overturning restrictive initiatives such as the ________, which began in the early 1930s.

Motion Picture Production Code

One of the contributing factors to the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s was the ready availability of

oral contraceptives.

Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique

brought female discontentment into the open.

While most African American leaders in the 1960s were working within the civil rights movement, some sought complete independence from white society. The most influential of these nationalist leaders was

Malcolm X (Little).

The American civil rights movement, which was headed by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., embraced the philosophy of nonviolence espoused by the Indian social and political activist

Mohandas Gandhi.

The ________ was one of the most divisive events in the United States during the 1960s, and one that aggravated other social and political tensions to the point where president Lyndon Johnson decided not to run for reelection in 1968.

Vietnam War

Among those who encouraged refusing to register for the draft were ________, the nation's leading pediatrician, and William Sloane Coffin, the chaplain of Yale University.

Benjamin Spock

What development was one factor behind the tensions on university campuses that helped give birth to the student movements of the 1960s?

skyrocketing enrollment, which strained the faculty as well as the universities' ability to meet student needs

The epicenter of student movements in Europe was ______, weakening the nation's president and encouraging other student protests throughout Europe.

Paris.

What international event staged during 1968 was especially marked by popular demonstrations and political violence?

the summer Olympic Games in Mexico City

The 1968 rise of a liberal communist government in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubček was known as the

Prague Spring.

Which political act played a significant role in compounding the economic stagnation of Western Europe in the early 1970s?

the oil embargo staged by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973

Which of the following statements best characterizes the status of Eastern European economies of the 1970s in comparison to their counterparts in Western Europe?

Eastern European economies faced their own difficulties and restrictions, which were centered on debt.

The idea of a single, unified Europe had been the dream of many for years, and was finally realized in part in 1991 with the formation of the ________, which included a single currency, a central European bank, and unified social policies.

European Union

One consequence of the economic stagnation of the 1970s was

the rise of an independent labor movement in Poland.

The trade union Solidarity was led by ________, who helped create the independent union and took over the shipyards in Gdansk, Poland.

Lech Walesa

What was one of the first consequences of the Soviet policy of glasnost in Eastern Europe?

the resurgence of the Solidarity movement and other dissidents in Poland

The Russian term perestroika refers to a

program of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union.

After the success of the "velvet revolution" in Czechoslovakia, the first open elections resulted in the playwright ________ being elected president.

Václav Havel

Most of the revolutions of the late 1980s were "velvet revolutions"; however, in ________, the revolution was bloody and terror-ridden.

Romania

Arguably the most repressive dictatorship in Eastern Europe was that of Nicolae Ceausescu in

Romania.

The last general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was

Mikhail Gorbachev.

As the last leader of the combined Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was challenged by a new political rival,

Boris Yeltsin.

The hopes raised by the changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s were, by 1989,

understood to be taking longer and would be harder than originally thought.

In the years following the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, the most violent ethnic conflict occurred in

Yugoslavia.

To what does the term velvet divorce refer?

the collapse of Czechoslovakia into the separate nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Much of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s made the transformation from communism to democracy peacefully, but there were some exceptions, most notably in Yugoslavia under the rule of

Slobodan Milosevic.

Which of the following Yugoslav republics first touched off the round of ethnic secessions from that nation in the early 1990s?

Slovenia

The term ethnic cleansing was used in reference to

deliberate campaigns of terror conducted by Serbian guerrillas in Bosnia, to force the flight of much larger populations of Muslims and Croatians.

What two visions of ethnically motivated politics came into conflict in Kosovo?

a "greater Serbia" and a "greater Albania"

With regard to Eastern Europe in the 1990s, to what does the term safe zone refer?

areas in Bosnia designated by the United Nations as free of violence for ethnic refugees during the civil war there

The role of the United Nations in the Serbian Wars was to

act as a peacekeeping force with orders to treat all groups equally.

In the Vietnam War, the United States

fought in South Vietnam against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army.

In the early 1960s, Western Europeans

enjoyed a broad consensus and were optimistic about the future.

Profound differences in ________ between Western and Eastern Europe proved to be the most challenging hurdle to a stable integration of the former Soviet empire into the larger European community.

wealth and economic capacity

In the wake of the Prague Spring, the Soviet ________ stated that no socialist state could adopt policies endangering international socialism, and that the Soviet Union could interfere in the domestic affairs of Soviet-bloc nations if communist rule was threatened.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Margaret Thatcher

was a member of the British Conservative Party who was elected as prime minister.

Above all, in ________, Polish workers called for truly independent labor unions instead of organizations sponsored by the government.

the Solidarity movement

Lech Walesa was

the leader of the Polish Solidarity movement.

What predominantly Muslim region, with a tradition of rebellion dating back to the 1800s, engaged in a protracted war for separation from Russia after the end of the Soviet Union?

Chechnya

The Kinsey reports of 1948 and 1953 studied

male and female sexuality through statistics and social science.

New to twentieth-century culture was the association between consumerism, sexuality, and

self-expression.

Founded in 1966, "NOW" stands for

National Organization for Women, a feminist organization founded by Betty Friedan.

Martin Luther King, Jr., the preeminent civil rights leader among African Americans in the postwar years,

was a Baptist minister and embraced a philosophy of nonviolence.

By the mid-1960s, most migrants to France and Germany that bolstered the labor markets of these nations came from

southern Europe.

Collectivization of agriculture in the Eastern bloc

did not significantly increase agricultural production.

Painters William de Kooning, Mark Rothko, and Jackson Pollock are most closely associated with what art movement?

Abstract expressionism

Polish director Andrzej Wajda's trilogy focused on

World War II.

Rossellini's film ________ led to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that films were protected by the First Amendment.

The Miracle

When the birth control pill hit the market, birth rates in Western Europe and the United States were

already falling, with the pill not having any revolutionary effect.

In response to societal changes in the 1960s, Betty Friedan would have most likely

supported legal efforts to guarantee a right to abortion.

Boycotts and demonstrations organized by groups like the Congress of Racial Equality targeted

private businesses and public services.

Richard M. Nixon

campaigned on a promise to end the war in Vietnam but expanded it instead.

Protests in Paris in 1968 stemmed from

a need for education reform.

Inflation in the global economy in the 1970s was caused by the skyrocketing price of

oil.

In response to crackdowns by General Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's Solidarity movement

came out against armed resistance.

Gorbachev's goal for the Soviet economy was to

integrate with the global economy.

Germany unified in 1990 with ______ from the Christian Democratic Union as its chancellor.

Helmut Kohl

The United Nations eventually arbitrated the end of the war between Yugoslavia and

Croatia.

The terms globalization and internationalization are not synonymous, as globalization can occur

quite independently of national control.

A central aspect of globalization since 1970 has been the

rapid integration of commercial and financial markets.

The post-Second World War arrangements reached by the Allies at Bretton Woods steadily eroded in the late 1960s and effectively ended in 1971, when the United States

abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely.

Although there is a sharp divide between the most successful global players and the poorer, disadvantaged states and cultures, the poorer states have been able to respond to a very profitable market in the West in one area of manufacture, that of

illegal drugs.

By the late twentieth century, the spread of ________ confirmed health officials' worries that a disease would spread to epidemic proportions much more quickly than in the past due to accelerated rates of travel.

HIV infections

One of the greatest advancements in medical research in the late twentieth century was the

development of genetic engineering.

Since the 1990s, international efforts to coordinate a response to climate change focused on a UN sponsored agreement known as the ________, which, significantly, did not include the United States or China, the two leading producers of greenhouse gases.

Kyoto Protocol

Climate scientists believe that the ________ will only cut about half of what is necessary to prevent a 3.6 degree increase in global temperature.

Paris Accords

To what does the term postcolonial refer?

the many legacies of colonial rule, which have extended well beyond independence

One of the major influences in the postcolonial world prior to 1990 was

the Cold War, with its system of superpower patronage.

How were South African politics decisively transformed in and after 1990?

by the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela and the legalization of the African National Congress

An opponent of apartheid, Nelson Mandela was held prisoner in ________ for nearly thirty years.

South Africa

By the turn of the twenty-first century, ________ had become the largest heavy industrial producer in the world.

China

_____ led the way in economic recovery following World War II, outside of the United States and Europe, with a revival that surpassed the West German economic miracle.

Japan

Ethnic conflicts that had been dampened for some time were reignited in the 1990s in Indonesia due to

inflation and unemployment.

The Israeli leader who negotiated the 1978 peace accord was

Menachem Begin.

Since 1987, Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank have been carrying on a rebellion against the Israeli security forces. This is known as the

intifada.

Many of the oil-producing countries of the world organized themselves into a cartel to regulate the production and the pricing of oil: this cartel is called the

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

In the mid-1970s, a long recessionary period in Western economies was triggered by

an oil embargo inspired by hard-liners among the oil-producing states.

In the postcolonial world of the 1960s, many in the Islamic world, led by the cleric ________, laid the blame for the moral failure of the Arab world at the feet of the West and centuries of colonial contact.

Sayyid Qutb

Political Islam during the 1960s

claimed that the roots of the Arab's world's moral failure lay in centuries of colonial contact with the West.

In 1953, Britain and the United States installed ________ in Iran as part of a military coup.

Reza Pahlavi

The Islamic cleric, the Ayatollah ________, stepped into the 1979 power vacuum in Iran left by the resignation of the West-friendly shah.

Ruhollah Khomeini

In 1979, militant students in ________ stormed the United States embassy and took fifty-two hostages, whom they held for more than a year.

Tehran

In 1990, Saddam Hussein's invasion of neighboring ________ was an attempt to restore Iraq's influence and prestige.

Kuwait

The Iran-Iraq War

indirectly resulted in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

The ________ were religious fighters who gained their reputation by fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.

mujahidin

The terrorist organization al Qaeda was created by Islamic military leaders who had fought against a foreign occupation of

Afghanistan

On September 11, 2001, the terrorist organization ________ carried out an attack on the symbolic seat of globalization, the United States.

al Qaeda

In December 2010, a series of revolts erupted, beginning in Tunisia, that resulted in authoritarian rulers being overthrown in the movement called

the Arab Spring.

One consequence of the Syrian civil war and the U.S. invasion of Iraq was the

creation of a new caliphate between Iraq and Iran on land vacated as a result of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.

The contemporary language of human rights is anchored in a tradition of political thought that reaches back to the political philosophy of natural law theorist

John Locke.

Although an attempt was made following the First World War to safeguard individuals against nation-states, little was accomplished until the United Nations published the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 began as a classic bubble in the American ________ market.

housing