PPC Prelims

raymond schuck

he referenced raymond williams in defining the word culture

culture

is a way of living, covering a broad range of aspects from traditions, values, and beliefs. to behaviors, daily tasks, rituals, social norms, and rules

true

(T/F) the only thing that makes them a part of culture is if a group of people agreed to observe it

matthew arnold

as observed by ___, culture is the best that has been thought and said in the world

true

(T/F) in arnold’s time, he feared that since working-class men began to enter politics, his idea of culture might collapse since anarchy is not far behind

• folk culture

• popular culture

• high culture

due to the nature of culture covering almost every social aspect, we can determine the 3 major spectra of culture, which are?

high culture

is also known as sophisticated culture, this culture spectrum is what we usually associate with intellectual discourse, high-brow comedy, and elaborate literature

the magic flute

is an opera composed by the late austrian composer wolfgang amadeus mozart based on the libretto made by emmanuel schikaneder

gitanjali

is a collection of poems written by the late bengali poet rabindranath tagore which talks about man’s beliefs and spirituality

it’s one of the many cultural heritages of india

philippine scenes

the orchestral music by lucresia kasilag utilizes our country’s folk musical instruments and includes some vocal noises

these elements invoke a sense of locality we filipinos reminisce about during festivals and local sceneries

the nutcracker

is a famous christmas ballet performed worldwide, composed by pyotr tchaikovsky

folk culture

something shared first in a certain group of people before being disseminated to the general population

folk culture

it means traditions, music, and anything else practiced by a certain group and is exclusively theirs until they share it with the rest

folk

the idea of folk culture stems from the word ___, which, when traced to its old norse-english-german origin, describes an army or a small group of people

paruparong bukid, atin cu pung singsing, and leron leron sinta

these are examples of songs under folk culture

tinikling, singkil, and pandanggo sa ilaw

these are dances under folk culture

ati-atihan, higantes, and sinulog

these are festivals under folk culture

malakas at maganda, pilandok, and the various mythological gods and entities

these are examples of folk icons in folk culture

popular culture

if high culture encompasses the intellectual and sophisticated aspects of culture, and folk culture represents the exclusive representation of culture, the middleman is ___

popular culture

also called mass/mainstream culture, also by its short name pop culture, is defined as the collection of traditions and material culture of a particular society

true

(T/F) popular culture is exclusive to a certain group of people, with the scope of its knowledge and existence contained only to that group

it is as timeless as the people who know them. if no one knows about it, its essence fades

low culture

because of its availability, pop culture is sometimes called ___ to contrast the sophistication upheld by high culture

john storey

according to him, pop culture can be intricately defined in 6 ways

popular culture is widely favored by many people

in this definition of pop culture, it means that it has no negative connotations because people like them and agreed to uphold this mutual affection

popular culture is whatever is left after you have identified what high culture is

in this definition of pop culture, it argues that pop culture is considered inferior because of its accessibility

it serves as a marker of status/class, which, in this case, is being bourgeois (working class)

popular culture can be defined as commercial objects that are produced for mass consumption by non-discriminating consumers

in this definition of pop culture, it supports the second definition but connotes that pop culture is also treated as a tool that the elites use to suppress (or take advantage of) the masses

popular culture is folk culture, something that arises from the people rather than imposed upon them

in this definition of pop culture, it states that pop culture is authentic (created by people) instead of commercial (thrust upon them by commercial enterprises)

it directly opposes the connotation pointed out by the third definition

popular culture is negotiated

in this definition of pop culture, it states that pop culture is partly imposed on the dominant classes and partially resisted/changed by the subordinate classes

true

(T/F) in the 5th definition of pop culture, it entails that the group with the capacity (upper class) can produce and contribute much to the development of culture

still, the group with less power (the working and lower classes) gets to decide which ones are popular and which ones fade

in popular culture today, users are free to embrace some manufactured content, alter it for their own use, or reject it entirely and create their own

in this definition of pop culture, the distinction between authentic versus commercial is blurred. because of pop culture’s accessibility, the working class can now contribute to the development of culture while retaining the capacity to decide which ones will stay and which ones will fade

entertainment

a category of pop culture, encompasses varied forms of media, but usually includes television, film, music, and literature. covers celebrities and artists

lifestyle

a category of pop culture, covers any new trend that people perform and/or consume, including fashion, art, dance, language, and food trends

also highlights visual artists, cosplays, and celebrity chefs

sports

a category of pop culture, covers anything related to traditional sports, including printed merchandise and icons and electronic sports (or esports)

news

a category of pop culture, covers any news event that has gained significant attention — intentional or otherwise, positive or negative, which has shaped public opinion about it. incudes people and events

politics

a category of pop culture, encompasses anything and everything politics-related, includes politicians and political events

true

(T/F) the categories of politics and news sometimes overlap with each other because certain icons coexist between them

technology

a category of pop culture, encompasses new media forms, including social media, gadgets, video games, and general internet culture

true

(T/F) categories of technology and sports (in terms of esports) also overlap

true

(T/F) as culture is a spectrum ranging from the preserved past of folk culture to the preserved cultivation of high culture, each of these spectra is treated as a separate entity comprising of different groups that are considered as subsets

subculture

is a particular culture contained in a larger culture, sometimes referred to as its parent culture

supports the notion of exclusivity in culture because only the people with knowledge and access to these cultures can appreciate them

counterculture

another important subset, is formed when a certain group begins to oppose the established norms of popular culture and breaks off from the parent culture they came from

true

(T/F) unlike a subculture that still identifies with its parent culture, a counterculture outright rejects its origins and begins cultivating its own identity

often viewed as negative but not as always

hippie culture

in the american 1960s, a large counterculture began to spring forth from its established social norms

true

(T/F) hippies began to advocate for peace, sexual exploration and liberation, legalization of recreational drugs

the social norms they were fighting against were racism, sexism, and the vietnam war

punk culture

this music genre is a counterculture to pop music, goes so far as to define itself differently — from wild hairstyles to the “in your face attitudes of people who stand up against authority and live life as they see fit

co-culture

the last subset, which is defined as a subculture with which a person can affiliate themselves while existing with a parent culture

much like a subculture, it can exist within a parent culture, but it can also be a counterculture when the dominant parent culture ignores its negotiation aspect

white culture

for example, __ is the dominant racial culture in the US — it experiences the greatest cultural privilege and the most access to power and resources in society

youth culture

the process of soul-searching, which also affects the dynamics and structure of culture. distinct from the process that parents and other adults in their community undergo

social autonomy

the idea of youth culture did not come into the general vernacular throughout history — they appear most frequently when young people experience ___, where they are expected to undergo the socialization process

industrial revolution

some scholars agree that the process of modern youth culture appeared after the institution of the modern nation-states and after the foundation of the ___ of the 18th century

true

(T/F) mass institutions of the nation-state have been consistent locations in which youth cultures have developed. these places, where young people are separated from adults and gather them in large numbers, are educational institutions, religious sites, workspaces, and prisons

wedding ceremonies, music, and fashion

wertz identified three popular culture milestones during this time, which are?

weddings and religion

___ and ___ are inextricable, as the first one refers to solemn rites dedicated for two humans to form a pact between them, usually under the providence of their preferred deity

music

with wedding becoming more elaborate, so too did the ___, which began to evolve since western composers began to commit it onto paper during the renaissance, allowing it to be shared

true

(T/F) eastern music was still dedicated to the passing of music through practice and memory

fashion

as for ___, it boomed when aristocrats and the royalty (as established during the feudal time of the medieval period) began to wear clothes and took them beyond functionality

true

(T/F) the working class began to emulate outfits. the east was still guided by cultural castes, which limited the working class’s options in terms of fashion

william shakespeare

one thing to note from wertz is his special mention of ___, the man regarded by many to be one of the many superstars of popular culture because his works bridged both fine and popular art.

globalization

__ of popular culture occurred during the age of exploration - the time when westerners began t explore the open seas and began trading with other civilizations

true

(T/F) as westerners explored and began trading to other civilizations, whatever popular aspects of their culture are brought to new lands, and they brought some of the popular culture aspects of their others back to them on their way home

suez canal

an example of globalization of culture. in the philippines, the opening of the ___ allowed us to access the popular cultures of the west, which included novels, knowledge, and music

opium

an example of globalization of culture. in china, the introduction of ___ to them almost ruined their countrymen because the british covertly brought the drug with them during their voyage and illegally sold them to the chinese black market

chocolate

an example of globalization of culture. europe got hold of ___ because of their conquest of the americas, where cacao beans grow in abundance.

originally used in mescoamerican rituals, it became an instant hit to the european market, which also caused slave trade to boom

johannes gutenberg’s movable-type printing press

an example of globalization of culture. because of this invention, knowledge began to spread further and became more accessible via mass-reproduced books

true

(T/F) as technology boomed, so did the availability of some cultural aesthetics. what was considered folk and high cultures were rapidly becoming part of popular culture

salon de petierra

filipino cinema started as a form of high cultures in 1897 by showing moving pictures at the ___ in manila

dalagang bukid

in september 1919, the first original pinoy film entitled ___, which paved way for the masses to access the once-high cultures aspect of film viewing

jose nepomuceno

the director of dalagang bukid, he pioneered filmmaking in the philippines and is considered as the father of philippine cinema

true

(T/F) technology paved the way for more aspects of folk and high cultures being accommodated into the hands of the hungry consumer — generating more pop culture icons

sewing machine

the development of the ___ paved the way for the mass production of high-end clothes now accessible to the working class

printed media

the entertainment category started out with the advent of ___ in the form of books, journals, newspapers, comic books, and other similar visual media

radio

when ___ became accessible, music and radio dramas became smash hits

televisions

__ paved the way for more popular culture content, which eventually evolved into films

lifestyle

the __ category dramatically improved with the introduction of the sewing machine for fashion

cookbooks

for food, ___ became a thing, and education for culinary arts became accessible

camera

the ___ allowed the masses to create their own art through still images, which also gave them a way to “freeze” moments in time

dance

__ evolved from an expression of culture into an expression of the performer

true

(T/F) the sports, news, and politics categories boomed with the advent of mass communication, such as newspaper coverages, radio hosting, and televised events such as competitions, press releases, and government announcements

true

(T/F) technology boomed when people started to intertwine accessibility and function

telegraphs to mobile phones

from ___ to ___, the transfer of communication drives people to create new ways to stay connected

internet and of social media

eventually, everything became even more accessible with the dawn of the ___ and of ___

true

(T/F) in precolonial philippines, each tribe had its own kundiman, epics, poetry, legends, and mythologies as their entertainment

• lam-ang

• urduja

• bathala

• talagbusao

• ibu

• bakunawa

• pilandok

• malakas and maganda

each tribe has its own god of war. notable figures include these eight:

true

(T/F) legends of aswang, as well as traditional instruments like the kulintang, bansik, kudyapi, and kubing, also fall under entertainment

true

(T/F) early filipinos learned to survive in the harsh tropical jungles, as reflected by our choice of materials for making clothes: abaca, nipa, and other sturdy plant fibers

native minerals and pearls, as well as tattoos, were also fashionable

true

(T/F) through bartering, early filipinos got silk, condiments, porcelain.

early filipino architecture includes the nipa stilt and bamboo houses. they also practiced tribal dances like tinikling, singkil, and the maglalatik

slave trade

there was nothing much going on in the sports, news, and politics categories because the country was in a “warring tribes” period. ___ was common during this period, which gave way to 2 types of “alipins”

aliping namamahay

also known as peasants or serfs

aliping saguiguilid

are also prisoners-of-war turned into actual slaves

sikaran, yaw-yan, daga y latigo, panantukan, and arnis de mano

famous sports during the precolonial period include various filipino martial arts, which include?

sipa

the philippines’ traditional sport closely related to sepak takraw

true

(T/F) early filipinos, thru trading, got to learn new technologies in metal forging, pottery, weaving, and navigation

writing

__ was also a valued technology, of which engravings and wall writings such as the angono petroglyphs, baybayin, and the laguna copperplate inscription are examples

zarzuela, pasion, cenakulo

spain gave us several forms of entertainment that revolved around observing religious practices such as these three

awit and corrido

the ___ and ___ became the dominant literary pieces accessible to the filipinos, with ibong adarna, bernardo carpio, and florante at laura as prime examples

noli me tangere and el filibusterismo

with the opening of the suez canal, novels were integrated into the filipino literary works, with ___ and ___ as well-known examples

true

(T/F) during the spanish colonial period, music and musical instruments from the west became integrated into our culture, such as the guitar

barong and baro’t saya

the western fashion sense was openly adopted in our culture, with ___ and the ___ (with the maria clara as its formal variant) being the prime examples

true

(T/F) the folk dances that we know were incorporated with spanish elements, such as pasodoble, fandango, curacha, rigodon, waltz, jota, polka, and lanceros

adobo

our local cuisine began to incorporate more of the different cultures in our country, with examples including ___, which is derived from the spanish cooking term adobar