IB HOA Facts and Terms

Mercantalism

Mercantalism

Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth

Calvinist Puritans

They fled their country under Queen Mary and when they returned to England, they brought back with them more radical religious ideas. They continued to clamor for reforms that would "purify" the church

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Treaty of Toresillas

Agreement between Portugal and Spain to create the Line of Demarcation

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

London Company

A joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Toleration Acts

England, 1689. Gave freedom of worship to all Protestants (but not Catholics), as long as they swore an oath of allegiance.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

Plymouth Plantation

site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. the first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Separatists were here.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

"City upon a Hill"

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

These two people started settlements that joined to become the Rhode Island Colony.

Barbados Slave Codes

Law made in 1661 that gave slave owners the right to deny the most basic rights of slaves; first originated from the West Indies

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Toleration Act of 1649

A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America

The Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Scotch-Irish

Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western forntier of the middle and southern colonies

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Congregationalism

Church system set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wherein each local church served as the center of its own community

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Iroquois Confederacy

a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Townshend Duties

Popular name for the Revenue Act of 1767 which taxed glass, lead, paint, paper and tea entering the colonies

Committee of Correspondence

an organization that spread political ideas and information through the colonies

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Applied only to Massachusetts to punish them for Boston Tea Party; closed Boston's port, reduced powers of self-government, allowed royal officers to be tried in England or other colonies, and provided for quartering of British troops in empty houses or barns.

Virtual vs. Actual Representation

The American belief that the colonies needed to be represent physically in Parliament

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Effects of the French and Indian War

*France loses all land in N. America
*Britain gains all land EAST of the Miss. R
*Spain gains all land WEST of the Miss R.

Stamp Act Crisis and Congress

imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, & licenses. Fell upon all Americans regardless of class or origin. Designed solely to raise revenue in the colonies w/o colonist's permission. VA House of Burgesses called a "trumpet of sedition" that was sounded by young VA aristocrats. Stamp Act Congress met in Oct. 1765 in NY w delegates from 9 colonies. Serious riots began to break out as Sons of Liberty terrorized Stamp agents. England soon backed down bc of colonists' boycott of all English goods.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

"Common Sense"

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Loyalists/Tories

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Rebublicanism

The idea that government should be based on the consent of the people

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Land Ordinances

Established rules for setting/governing western lands; divided land received from France into the NW territories

NW Ordinance of 1787

passed by Congress under the Articles. established steps for statehood for land around the Ohio River

Grid System

pattern formed as the lines of latitude and longitude cross one another

Shay's Rebellion

A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

"The Great Compromise"

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Two political parties that emerged in the fight over the Constitution.

Hamilton's Bank Bill

Officially proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

VA and KY Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Midnight Appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

LA Purchase

* cost - 15 million
* Purchased from France
* It included all or parts of 14 states
* 600 million acres - 900,000 sq. miles
* divided into 2 territories

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Chesapeake Affair

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Tecumseh/Prophet

A Shawnee chief and his half-brother that sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. Their deaths ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.

Non-Intercourse Act

it allowed Americans to carry or trade with all nations except for Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2

president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality

Hartford Convention

Federalists agreed to oppose the war and send delegates to meet with Congress

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Internal Improvements

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

Era of Good Feelings

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

MO Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery prohibited above 36'30" parallel

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

Daniel Webster

Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850