BSC2085 Lab Final Review

Meissner's

Tactile receptors called corpuscles of touch, nerve endings that are sensitive to touch.

Pacinian corpuscles

Deep pressure receptors.

Eyelids (palpebrae)

Shade eyes, protect, & spread lubricating secretion.

Extrinsic eye muscles

6 muscles that move each eye.

Lacrimal gland & ducts

Supplied by the Facial nerve & produce lysozymes (a protective bactericidal enzyme).

Nasolacrimal ducts

A channel that drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.

Conjunctiva

A thin, clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye (the sclera) and the inside of the eyelids.

Anterior & posterior chambers

Contain aqueous humor, which is watery and transparent.

Vitreous chamber

Posterior to the lens, contains clear gelatinous substance, gives the shape of the eyes.

Sclera

Attachment of muscles.

Cornea

Transparent, admits light.

Choroid

Vascular layer of the eye.

Ciliary body

Secretes aqueous humor & suspends lens.

Iris

Color part of the eye, changes size of the pupil.

Pupil

Constricts with light & dilates when dark (linked to cranial nerves).

Rods

Allow shades of gray for dim lights or night vision.

Cones

Stimulated by brighter light (color).

Macula lutea

A small, yellow, oval-shaped spot in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision, color perception & fine details.

Fovea centralis

High-acuity vision.

Optic nerve

Extends from the posterior aspect of the eye; some fibers cross at the chiasm (cranial nerve II - vision).

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina to create an image.

Suspensory ligament

Fibrous strands that connect the ciliary body to the lens, holding it in place & enabling the eye to focus.

Auricle

Ear-shaped structure of the outer ear.

Auditory canal

A 1-inch-long curved tube that channels sound waves inward.

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A thin semitransparent partition between the external & middle ear.

Ossicles

Malleus, incus, & stapes that move sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea.

Auditory (eustachian) tube

Connects the ear to the nasopharynx (pressure release).

Cochlea

Contains receptors for hearing.

Organ of Corti

Converts vibrations into nerve impulses (sensitive to sound waves).

Vestibules

Utricles & saccule maintain static equilibrium.

Olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I)

Responsible for the sense of smell.

Circumvallate (vallate) papillae

Form an inverted 'V-shaped' row at the back of the tongue, housing 100-300 taste buds.

Fungiform papillae

Mushroom-shaped elevations scattered over the entire surface of the tongue that contain ~5 taste buds each.

Fibro cartilage

Combines strength & rigidity and is the strongest cartilage in the body.

Articular cartilage

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis where a joint is formed with another bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone made up of compact bone that contains yellow bone marrow.

Sella turcica

Holds pituitary

Ethmoid bone

Spongy bone on anterior part of cranial floor

Crista galli

Part of the ethmoid bone

Cribriform plate

Holes for olfactory nerves

Olfactory foramina

With olfactory nerves

Facial Bones

14 bones in total

Nasal bones

2 bones that form the bridge of the nose & support the nasal cartilage

Zygomatic bones

2 cheekbones, form the zygomatic arch with the temporal lobe

Maxillary bone

1 upper jawbone, holds upper teeth

Mandible

1 lower jawbone, holds lower teeth; strongest facial bones and the only movable bone in the skull

Condyles

First vertebra of the spine

TMJ

Jaw joints that connect your jawbone to your skull

Skull sutures

Slightly movable joints located only between skull bones

Coronal suture

Unites frontal bone & 2 parietal bones

Sagittal suture

Unites 2 parietal bones

Lambdoid sutures

Unite the parietal bones to the occipital bones

Squamous sutures

Unite the parietal bones to the temporal bones

Fontanelles

Soft spots on the fetal cranium that allow for growth

Paranasal sinuses

Located in the skull bones near the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membranes

Vertebra

Basic unit of the spine

Body of vertebra

Thick disc-shaped portion that bears the weight

Spinous process

1 in the center of the vertebra

Transverse process

2 in each vertebra

Vertebral foramen

Opening in each vertebra that forms the vertebral canal

Articular facets

Small, paired joints that connect vertebrae in the spine

Cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae in the neck region

C1/atlas

Holds the head

Axis/C2/dens/odontoid process

Enables head movements like turning the head side-to-side

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae that support the lower back

Sacrum

1 bone formed from five fused coccygeal vertebrae

Coccyx

1 bone formed from four fused coccygeal vertebrae

Sternum

Flat, narrow breastbone connected to clavicle & upper ribs

Ribs

12 pairs of bones that protect the thoracic cavity

True ribs

#1-7 attached to the sternum directly by costal cartilage

False ribs

#8-10 are indirectly attached to the sternum through costal cartilage

Floating ribs

#11-12 do not attach to the sternum anteriorly

Pectoral girdle

Attached to bones of upper limbs & axial skeleton

Clavicle

Anterior collarbone

Scapula

Posterior shoulder blade

Acromion process

Bony projection on top of the scapula

Glenoid cavity

Shallow depression that forms the socket of the shoulder joint

Humerus

Arm bone, the largest of the upper limb

Radius

Lateral aspect, thumb side at wrist

Ulna

Longer than radius, medial aspect, little finger side at wrist

Carpals

8 small bones of the wrist

Metacarpals

5 bones on each hand, attach from the wrist to the phalanges

Phalanges

14 bones of fingers in each hand

Pelvic girdle

2 hip bones, plus sacrum & coccyx

Ilium

The two largest parts of the pelvic girdle

Ischium

Lower portion of the hipbone

Pubis

Anterior & interior part of hipbone

Acetabulum

Cup-shaped structure that articulates with the femoral head

Femur

Thigh bone, the longest, heaviest, strongest weight-bearing bone in the body

Tibia

Shinbone, a large, thick, weight-bearing bone

Fibula

Parallel & lateral to tibia, small thin bone

Tarsals

7 bones held together by ligaments

Metatarsals

5 bones on each foot, connect the ankle & toes

Foramen

An opening for blood vessels, nerves, & ligaments to pass through

Meatus

Tubelike channels extending within the bone

Fossa

Shallow depression on the bone

Condyle

Large, rounded prominence that forms a joint

Articulations/Joint

Connections between bones

Fibrous joints

Articulating bones held together by fibrous connective tissue