H A&P Exam One

anatomical position

the body standing tall and erect, facing forward, palms by your side, facing up, and feet hip width apart

planes of the body

dividing the body into equal sections on different planes

Transverse plane

divides the body from top to bottom (superior/inferior)

Frontal plane

divides the body from front to back (posterior/anterior)

Sagittal plane

divides the body from left to right

Midsagittal

divides the body equally from left to right

Parasagittal

divides the body from left to right, but off from the midline

right hypochondriac

upper right abdominopelvic region

left hypochondriac

upper left abdominopelvic region

Right lumbar

right middle abdominopelvic region

Left lumbar

Left middle abdominopelvic region

right inguinal

Right lower abdominopelvic region

left inguinal

Left lower abdominopelvic region

epigastric

Top middle abdominopelvic region

umbilical region

Center middle abdominopelvic region

hypogastric

Lower middle abdominopelvic region

Organ

Viscera

Cavity

Parietal

Visceral pleura

Serous membrane that covers the lung

Parietal pluera

Serous membrane that lines the lungs (thoratic) CAVITY

Plerua

Lungs

Visceral Pericardium

Serous membrane that covers the heart

Parietal Pericardium

Serous membrane that lines the heart CAVITY

Visceral Peritoneum

Serous membrane that covers the digestive ORGANS

Parietal Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines digestive CAVITY

Retroperitoneal

behind the peritoneum (kidneys)

Receptor

receive information from the body, sends to control center

control center

process the signals, sends instructions (brain)

effector

puts the message from the brain into effect, response

Shaft of the bone

diaphysis

Ends of the bone

epiphysis

Coverings of the long bone

periosteum

medullary cavity which contains blood vessels

Inside the diaphysis is the...

endosteum

The inside lining of the medullary cavity

metaphysis

Place where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meet

sinus

a chamber within the bone filled with air

tuberosity

a bump on a bone

foramen

an opening

condyle

a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone

fossa

a shallow depression in the bone surface

Osteogenic cell

a bone stem cell

Osteoblasts

build bone

Osteoclasts

carve bone

Osteocytes

mature bone cell

osteon

the structural unit of a bone

lamellae

Circles around osteon

lacunae

Spaces/pockets within the cell

osteocytes are located ...

inside the lacunae

osteocyte is a ...

mature bone cell

ossification

the process of making bone

Endochondral ossification

from within the cartilage, we infuse blood vessels into the diaphysis of cartilage, and we create bone

Cartilage

does not have blood vessels

cartilage. This creates the primary ossification center

Blood vessels penetrate the...

primary ossification center

is located in the diaphysis, where the creation of bone starts happening. We infuse the epiphysis with blood. This becomes the medullary cavity

secondary ossification center

bringing it towards the end of the bones

Epiphyseal plate

room for the bone to grow

Epiphyseal line

bone stopped growing, no room for bone to grow

Remodeling

continual process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity

you also break blood vessels

When you break a bone …

Fractural hematoma

Blood vessels will clot immediately, add fluid to protect from infection

External callus

Extra padding of bone around the fracture site

bone from breaking in the same place again

an external callus prevents ...

what is the consequence of deficient calcium

osteoporosis

diarthrosis (synovial)

freely movable joints (shoulder joint)

amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable joints (pubic synthesis)

endosteum

lining of the medullary cavity

flat bone

flat, not rounded (sternum)

long bone

has a shaft and two ends (femur)

sesamoid bone

found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces (patella)

irregular bone

vary in shape and structure (vertebrae)

short bones

shaped roughly as a cube (carpals)

sutural bone

skull bones

blood vessels

what is in the central canal of the osteon

if you have more blasts than clasts

bone gets stronger

if you have more clasts than blasts

bone gets weaker (osteoporosis)

joint

articulation

two parts of the disc :

annulus - outside
nucleus - inside

articular cartilage

cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones, where the bones meet

bulge

flattening of a disc

herniated disc

nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus, compresses spinal nerves, if it puts too much pressure on the nerve, the nerve can can and you'll lose feeling

labrum

in the glenoid cavity, lining of the cavity to reduce friction, helps it glide

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage near synovial joints

flexion

bending of a joint, towards the body

extension

the extending of a joint

abduction

movement of a joint/limb away from the midline

adduction

moving of a joint/limb toward the midline of the body

ball and socket joints

one bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone (pivotal joint in the neck)

hinge joint

only back and forth movement is possible (elbow joint)

saddle joint

biaxial joint that allows the movement on two planes–flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (thumb)

condyloid joints

joints with two axes which permit up-down and side-to-side motions (index finger)

gliding joint

(synovial) a freely moving joint in which the articulations allow only gliding motions

sutural joint

joint that cant move at all (skull suture)