chem exam 2

steam reforming

methane and catalyst forming hydrogen

bayer

bauxite and sodium hydroxide forming alumina

hall

alumina forming aluminum metal

haber

nitrogen and hydrogen forming ammonia

wet method

fluoride apatite and sulfuric acid forming phosphoric acid

ostwald

ammonia forming nitric acid

claus

hydrogen sulfide to sulfur

contact

sulfur forming sulfuric acid

chlor-alkali

sodium chloride and water forming chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide

blast furnace

iron ore, coke, and hot air forming iron

alkali metals properties

large radius

low ionization energy and electronegativity

+1 cations

OH basic in water

groups 1 and 2 with water

very reactive

displaces in water

Be

forms covalent bonds because they are small and attract electrons

oxidize to form emeralds

Mg+2

in chlorophyll making it more rigid for electron transport rather than losing energy

Ca

building material

F inserts instead of OH- in tooth enamel

B

forms unusual bonds for octet

boric acid kills ants

borax as detergent

Al

commercial

oxidizes to form ruby, sapphaire, topaz

C

three forms

C60- is tubular and spherical sp3

graphite- sp2

diamond- sp3

CO3- greenhouse gas, CO2, diprotic acid, limestone,CaCO3

Si

found everywhere

glass, transistors, silicone, lubricants

quartz and amethyst

N

many oxidation states

explosives, fertilizers, laughing gas, viagra, smog, preservatives

P

found in common materials

soaps, toothpaste, fertilizer, pesticides, DNA

extracted from calcium phosphate rock

cause algae bloom and is discouraged

H2SO4

sulfuric acid

manufactures in large quantities

Claus and contact

strong acid, oxidizing agent, and dehydrating agent

extraction of phosphate, production of paper, and reactant

Halides

small radius

small radii, high ionization energy and electronegativity

form -1 anions

chlorine

strong oxidizing agent

disinfection and sanitation

PVC

Noble gases

inert

2-8 filled shell electrons

cryogens (He), inert gases (Ar), lights (Ne)

transition metals

metallic character?

atomic radius?

lanthanide contraction?

oxidation?

group 11 and 12?

metallurgy?

metallic character: increases down a group, decreases across a period

good conductors w high melting points

atomic radius: Decreases across the period due to increasing nuclear charge

Lanthanide contraction and density: poor shielding by f-electrons causes smaller atomic radii for 3rd row

oxidation states and acidity: higher oxidation states tens to be oxidizing agents

group 11 and 12 inertness: filled d-orbitals, inert, act like main group elements

metallurgy: extracting, refining, and processing metals form their natural sources into pure, usable forms

Scandium

strong lewis acid

titanium

white pigmentv

vanadium

catalyst in sulfuric acid production

chromium

corrosion resistant, makes stainless steel

manganese

alloys, redox demos

iron

abundant

strong

hemoglobin

cobalt

harden steel

magnets

nickels

battery

steel

cooper

conductive

found in nature

buildings and coins

silver

tarnishes to AG2S

coins

gold

inert

nature

dissolves in aqua regia

zinc

galvanization of iron

rust

mercury

liquid at room temp

alkane

alkene

alkyne

benzene ring

amine

alcohol

ether

alkyl halide

thiol

aldehyde

ketone

ester

carboxylic acid

amide

CH4

meth

CH3CH3

eth

CH3CH2CH3

prop

CH3(CH2)2CH3

but

CH3(CH2)3CH3

pent

CH3(CH2)4CH3

hex

CH3(CH2)5CH3

hept

CH3(CH2)6CH3

oct

CH3(CH2)7CH3

non

CH3(CH2)8CH3

dec

CH3(CH2)9CH3

undec

CH3(CH2)10CH3

dodec

substitution

a substituent is replaced with another

elimination

process in which a substituent is removed from a molecule

polymer condensation reactions are an example

addition

process in which a substituent is added to a molecule

polymer addition reactions are an extreme example

polyester

alcohol

polyamide

amine

triglycerides

glycerol

sugars

alcohol

proteins

amine

carboxylic acid

ester

amide

ester

amide

alcohol

ether

protein amide linkage

ester linkage

sugar ether linkage

nylon amide linkage

polyethylene addition

organic polymers

PET and PA are condensation- form esters (-COO-) and amides (-CONH-)

addition is everything else

Carbohydrates

polysaccharides

disaccharides

monosaccharides

lipids

triglycerides

fatty acids

glycerol

proteins

peptides

amino acids

nucleic acids

RNA
DNA
nucleotides

nuclear fission

splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei

nuclear fusion

process in which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus

binding energy

energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent nucleons

alpha decay

beta decay

gamma decay

positron emission

electron caputre

alpha decay

beta decay

gamma decay

positron emission

electron capture