AH - digestion test

what are the six functions of the digestive tract?

ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, propulsion, elimination

control of digestion is...

extrinsic and intrinsic

what is another name for ingestion?

deglution

what is another name for elimination?

defecation

what are the four layers of the digestive tract?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

where are goblet cells found?

stomach

what are the cells of most of the mucosa?

simple columnar

break down the word enteroendocrine

stomach hormone

why is the submucosa covered in lymphatic vessels?

food is absorbed through mucosa so submucosa cleans it

what layer is described by peristalsis, segmentation, sphincters?

muscularis externa

what enzyme is in the mouth?

amylase

what does the enzyme in the mouth digest?

carbohydrates

let's suppose you are in kindergarten and you laugh so hard milk goes up your nose. What happened?

incomplete seal of soft palate and uvula

what in the pharynx directs food to the stomach?

uvula

what kind of muscle is the tongue?

skeletal

why is the tongue this kind of muscle?

voluntary

there are five taste buds, what is the most sensitive?

bitter

why is it the most sensitive?

you can taste poison

what does saliva do?

reduce friction

what epithelial cells are present in the pharynx?

stratified squamous epithelial without keratin

why is the esophagus the organ of transition?

top is stratified squamous epithelial cells and bottom is simple columnar

where is the cardiac sphincter located?

esophagus

what does GERD stand for?

gastroesophegeal reflux disease

what are the wrinkles in the stomach called?

rugae

what stomach cells produce mucous?

goblet cells

what cells produce hydrochloric acid?

parietal cells

what cells produce pepsinogen?

chief cells

when you smell something delicious and your stomach produces acid, what phase of acid secretion is this?

cephalic phase

what is the main responsibility of the stomach?

turn solid into liquid

intrinsic factor is hugely important. describe it.

hormone made in the stomach that acts on the large intestine and allows for it to absorb B12 and prevent pernicious anemia

why does the stomach epithelium have to be renewed so often?

stomach acid destroys it

where does fat digestion begin?

small intestine

the Paneth cells inside the crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete what?

lysozymes

what enzymes turn dipeptides into amino acids?

brush border

where are Brunner's glands located?

duodenum

how is surface area increased in the small intestine and why?

plicae circularis - deep permanent folds in the mucosa and submucosa, forces chyme to spiral through the tract, slows down movement of chyme

where in the small intestine is bile dumped?

duodenum

where in the small intestine is pancreatic juice dumped?

duodenum

where do most ulcers occur?

duodenum

where does the most absorption take place?

small intestine epithelial cells

before defecation can happen, what are the two main responsibilities of the large intestine?

reclaim water, reclaim salt

what is feces?

food that has not been digested

describe the large intestine.

teniae coli are powerful muscle; the haustra are the pouches that are formed by teniae coli

can you feel a haustral contraction?

no

can you feel a mass movement?

yes

why is mass movement important for human development?

allows humans to potty train

what two things increase mass movement?

exercise, fiber

what does MALT stand for?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

write some true things about appendicitis

fatal if not treated quick enough - if it bursts, spews feces all throughout the trunk - we take it out often

where are the three transverse valves that separate gas from solid?

rectum

is the internal anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

describe the four features of an exocrine gland.

ducts, specific destination, specific action, enzymes

which is more complicated - endocrine or exocrine?

endocrine

describe the four features of a person most at risk for a gallbladder attack.

fair, fat, forty, female

glucose becomes glycogen through?

glycogenesis

why is the first pass through the liver so important for health care workers?

only half of the loading does reaches the blood stream - healthcare workers double dose for the first dose

what color does a person turn with hepatitis?

yellow

what fat soluble vitamin does the liver not help with?

K

the pancreas is...

endocrine and exocrine

alpha cells produce...

glucagon

beta cells produce...

insulin

which diabetes is lifestyle?

type 2

which diabetes is double hit theory?

type 1

why do people with type 1 diabetes lose weight when their sugar is too high if they are untreated?

glucose is unable to enter cells without insulin and the body has to use fat and muscles for energy

why do people with type 2 diabetes gain weight when their sugar is too high if they are untreated?

any excess glucose that can't be absorbed is turned to fat

mucosa

secretion of mucous gives organs frictionless glide: rich in goblet cells - produce mucous, found on all digestive surfaces, found on the external side - closest to food; absorption - occurs in the small intestine; protection - food is rough, digestive juices, bacteria in food; simple columnar epithelial cells - most; enteroendocrine cells or hormone-secreting digestive cells

submucosa

extensive vascular network; lymph vessels - vast majority, elastic connective tissue - expansive property

muscularis externa

peristalsis - movement of food - beating up food; segmentation; sphincters; haustra

adventitia

squapmous epithelial - leaky gut syndrome

mouth

initiates propulsion - deglution - swallowing; lined with mucous membrane; stratified squamous epithelial slightly keratinized; protect against food roughness and acidity; protect against enzymes in the mouth - amylase; hard palate; soft palate; uvula; accessory organs

hard palate

holding food in place

soft palate

protects the nasopharynx, incomplete seal

uvula

directing food to the stomach

teeth

mastication - chewing

tongue

movement of food - covered in papillae - skeletal muscle - voluntary

chemo reception - taste

salt, sweet, bitter (poison), sour, umami

buccinators

cheek muscles, hold food between teeth, skeletal muscle - voluntary

salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingular

pharynx

stratified squamous epithelial without keratin, some taste buds become more and more bitter, stratified squamous epithelial

esophagus

top is stratified squamous epithelial without keratin, bottom is simple columnar, top is skeletal, bottom is smooth, tube from mouth to stomach pushing food, cardiac sphincter

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

asthma - it's heart burn, antacid - tums - calcium - aluminium, acid blocker - zantac, proton pump inhibitor is protonix

stomach

turn solid into liquid, high in fiber, tight junctions are critical in the adventitia, huge expansive properties, rugae, lined with goblet cells

don’t follow the first pass rule

alcohol and azythromyocin

the liver produces

glycogen, albumin, complement, any of the factors, more

omega 3 foods

avocado, fish, chia seeds, flax seed

goblet cells

produce mucous, millions of deep gastric pits, basis for the alkaline mucosal barrier

secretes HC1 - kills most pathogens on contact

parietal oxyntic cells

chief cells

produce pepsinogen, precursor to peptidase under the influence of an acid, at risk for protein deficiency

cephalic phase

when the brain activates stomach acid

gastric phase

when food actually hits the stomach

intestinal phase

bimodal - as food hits the intestine, it initially increases…decreases

stomach epithelium is renewed every…

3-6 days

pyloric sphincter

bottom of the stomach, determines what goes in small intestine

main responsibility of the stomach…

peristalsis - beat up food, solid to liquid

describe four things the liver does to portal blood

seventy five percent of blood in liver comes from portal supply, cleans this blood, protects from any organism that sneaks through, rids of toxins and poisons

THE absorptive organ

small intestine

small intestine

narrow, convoluted tubule, two and half cm in diameter, seven meters long, two hundred meters square surface area, villi, microvilli

lacteals

between the small intestine villi, fat is absorbed, part of lymphatic

crypts of lieberkuhn

between the small intestine villi, secrete intestinal juice, paneth cells increase lysozome, protects us food poisoning

microvilli

small intestine, small involutions of the epithelial cells, produce brush border enzymes, complete digestion, disacharrides into monosaccharides, dipeptides into amino acids, triglycerides become fatty acids and glycerin