russia

political effects

tsar refused to share power with russian parliament(duma) → became the biggest opposition, aug 1915 tsar become commander-in-chief = blamed directly for defeats

social effects

germany blocked russian trade routes = taxes risen to pay for war → arranged loans from russian allies (increasing debt), printing money caused inflation made worse by bad harvest

economic effects

social effects - conscription = decreased food production = less food for the population = suffering and starvation-related deaths. + due to economic effects, increased in unemployment rates

triggers for february revolution

- mutiny in the army

- food shortages in petrograd

- international women’s day march

- the tsar’s failure in war

provisional government

formed by 12 members of duma comittee after tsar abdicated(march 1917) with approval of petrograd soviet( elected members)

alexander kerensky

member of both the pg and ps; became leader of provisional government in july 1917 -> made mistakes

kerensky's mistakes

- failed to control the bolsheviks

- supported continuation of war

- acted against ruling classes (not in favour of conservatives)