Special senses/General senses

Sensory receptors are XXXX cells. They monitor….

Stimulating the receptors will alter production of XXXX XXX in a XXXX neuron.

Sensory info arriving at the CNS is called a XXXX.

Perception is…

General senses are sensation of XXX, XXXX (which is neuroprotective), XXXX, XXX, XXX, and XXXX.

These general sensory receptors are found…

Sensation will arrive at the primary XXX cortex.

Special senses include: xxx, xxx, xxxx, xxx, and xxxx. These are more XXX receptor cells and more XXX than general senses.

XXX must be XXXX by the XXX to be perceived.

Sensory receptors are specialized cells that process that monitors conditions in body or external environment. Stimulating receptors will alter the production of action potential in a sensory neuron. The sensory info arriving at CNS is called a sensation. Perception is a conscious awareness of sensation. 

General senses are sensation of temp, pain (neuroprotective), touch, pressure, vibration, and propioception. These receptors are throuhhout the body. Sensation arrives at primary sensory cortex. Special senses: olfaction, gustation, balance/equilibrium, hearing, and vision. These are more specialized receptor cells that are more complex than general senses.

The stimulus must be interpreted by the CNS

There is receptor specificity, meaning each receptor responds to one type of XXX.

Receptive fields: area that a XXXXX will XXX.

Tonic receptor: will XXX send signals. Keeps you doing what?

Phasic receptors: send the AP only if XXXX, only send XXX if they are XXX.

Peripheral adaptation: receptor can XXX sending xXXX even if XXX is present, stops XXX to what is XXX.

Central adaptation: the XXX will XXX the XXXX coming from a XXXX.

There is receptor specificity, meaning each receptor will respond to one type of stimulus.

Receptive fields: area that a receptor monitors.

Tonic receptors: always send signals, so info is based on frequency of action potentials; keeps you sitting down, lying down, standing up. So always sending signals.

Phasic receptors: send action potentials only if stimulated, will only send stimuli if they are depolarized.

Peripheral adaptation: receptor can stop sending action potential even if stimulus is present, stop responding to what is outside.

Central adaptation: the CNS ignores the action potential from a receptor.

Receptors for general senses can be classified based on XXXX or type of….

Location based general receptors…

Exteroreceptor: info coming from…

Proprioceptor: monitors XXX XXX, XXX XXX in space

Interoreceptor: monitors XXXX environment of XXX, condition XXX of body

Receptors of general senses based on type of stimulus….

Nociceptors: XXX XXX, perception of XXX

Thermoreceptor: changes in XXX, more XXX than XXX.

Mechanoreceptor: responds to XXXX, XXX XXX, XXXX

Chemoreceptor: XXX XXXX of XXXX and XXX XXXX which effects our XXX, so the XXX in our XXX or XXX, XXX composition of body XXX.

Receptors for general senses can be classified by location: Exteroreceptors, proprioceptors, interorecptors. 

Exteroreceptors: info coming from external environment

Proprioceptor: monitors body position, body position in space (scuba diving, snorkeling) 

Interoreceptors: monitors internal environment of body, conditions of inside of body. 

Receptors for general senses based on type of stimulus: nociceptor, thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor

Nociceptors: tissue damage, perception of pain

Thermoreceptors: change in temperature, more cold than hot. 

Mechanoreceptors: respond to pressure, physical distortion, contact.

Chemoreceptors: partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide which effects our PH, so the acidity in our blood or CSF, chemical composition of body fluids

Baroreception vs chemoreceptors.

Baroreception is XXX, different than the XXX receptors that detect XXX in our XXX. Baroreceptors detect perception of XXX throughout our body. So XXX of pressure. For example, if your XXX, you stretch the XXX and you fire up the XXXX. If you go to bathroom, baroreceptors in bladder will fire up because of the XXX of the volume of XXX. The XXX sinus and XXx sinus also respond to XXX, so the baroreceptors will be there and give info of XXX pressure.

VS

Chemoreceptors: XXX. Changes in XXX so changes in XXX and XXX XXX. Detects XXX pressure of XXX XXX and XXX, results in XXX changes in our XXX in XX XXX.

What cranial nerves will do reflexive adjustment of breathing and heart rate?

What senses the changes in depth and respiration?

Baroreception: This is pressure. different than the touch receptors that detect pressure in our skin. These detect perception of pressure throughout our body. Baroreception: for example, if you inhale, you will stretch the lungs you will fire up the baroreceptors. If you have to go to the bathroom, the baroreceptors in the bladder will fire up because of the pressure of the volume fluid. The carotid sinus and aortic sinus are also responding to pressure, so baroreceptors are there and will give info on blood pressure. 

Chemoreceptors: chemical. Changes in PH so changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide. So detects the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, resulting in PH changes in our CSF in our brain stem. CN IX: glossopharyngeal and CN X: vagus will do reflexive adjustment of breathing and heart rate. Also, changes in depth and respiration in medulla oblongata.

General touch:

Has common touch receptors…

Tactile corpuscle/meissener corpuscle is found in XXXX XXXX in XXXX, responds to XXX.

Lamellated corpuscle is found in XXX dermis, or XXX dermis, or XXXX. Responds to XXX XXX or XXX.

Root plexus responds to XXX being XXX.

Merkel cells/merkel discs/tactile discs. Found in XXX. Sensitive to XXX and XXX, so in our XXX, XXX, and XXX have a lot of merkel discs.

Tactile corpuscle are in XXX while merkel cells are in XXX.

Touch receptors are often capsulated by XXX usually XXXX fibers, this is so that when you get XXX like XXX you will get an XXX.

Fine touch includes what touch receptors….These responds to XXX contact with XXX and XXX XXX.

Pressure and vibration includes what touch receptors? Which ones respond to initial superficial contact and low frequency vibration? Which one responds to deep intiial contact and high frequency vibration?

Common touch receptors: free nerve endings, ruffini corpuscles, lamented corpuscles, root hair plexus, merkel cells and tactile discs, tactile corpuscle.

Tactile/meissner corpuscles are found in the superficial dermis in LACT, responding to pressure.

Lamellated corpuscle are found in deep dermis, reticular dermis, or hypodermis. Responds to deep pressure or vibration.

Root plexus will respond to hair being moved a tiny bit. Found in epidermis they are sensitive to shape and texture our fingers, lips, and genitalia have a lot of merkel discs.

Tactile corpuscle/meissener corpuscle are in dermis while the merkel cells/discs and tactile discs are in epidermis.

These touch receptors are often capsulated by proteins usually collagen fibers, so that when you get distortion like stretching you will get an impulse.

Fine touch: free nerve endings, tactile discs, root hair plexus, and respond to light contact with skin and contact of hair shaft.

Pressure and vibration: tactile corpuscle and lammelated corpuscle: T-respond to initial contact and low frequency vibration, L-respond to initial contact that is deep and high frequency vibrations. 

Sense of smell first goes into XXXX XXX into the XXX XXX to the XXX XXX then to the XXX and beyond.

Axons of what CN? These axons synapse to what above structure? The bigger the XXX XXX the better the smell? Olfactory bulb goes into the XXX XXX. Shearing off XXX will cause the loss of smell.

Sense of smell first goes into olfactory bulb into the cingulate gyrus (emotional cortex) then to the thalamus and beyond. Axons of CN I will synapse at the above structure olfactory bulb (bigger olfactory bulb will have better smell), then the olfactory bulb will go into the cingulate gyrus. If you shear off the axons you will lose sense of smell. 

Taste

The receptors of gustation are clustered in what?

Papillae are XXX projections. Three types of tongue papillae…

You cannot see XXX on surface of tongue, but what you feel is the XXXX. To find the XXX XXX you must cut the XXXX.

Which papillae has more taste buds.

The circumvallate papillae is found where in tongue?

Filiform papillae look like? Fungiform look like?

How many general tastes? What are they?

Is there specificity in the types of taste receptors in specific locations? Which ones are found in a specific location? Why? These are considered XXX receptors.

Gustatory cranial nerves.

2/3 anterior tongue

1/3 posterior tongue

pharyngeal taste, back of throat.

The receptors are clustered in tastebuds.

There are three types of papillae (epithlieal projections) on the tongue: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate.

You cannot see tastebuds on the surface of tongue, you have to cut the tongue and they are located in the papillae.

There are more taste buds in the circumvallate papillae, these are found in the bag of the tongue.

Filiforim papillae look like the teeth of a comb, fungiform look like mushrooms.

We have 6 general tastes: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, water and umami.

You can have these primary taste receptors anywhere, but not bitter receptors, these will have a specific location: in the back of the tongue; because bitter receptors are survival receptors, so you gag if you eat something you are not supposed to.

CN VII, CN IX, XN X are gustatory cranial nerves. VII-⅔ anterior tongue, IX: ⅓ posterior tongue, X: by the pharynx, pharyngeal taste, back or throat (if you had bloody nose and titled head back and tasted blood that is the CN X taste, not everybody has it)

Hearing

Middle ear contains the XXX XXX. From lateral to medial…

Soft rubber tube in the middle is the XXX labyrinth and contains XXXX. Bony labyrinth contains XXX.

Inner ear contains the XXX and XXXX XXX and XXXX.

Vestibule and semicircular canals responsible for?

Cochlea is responsible for?

If you lose this XXX XXXX tissue it will effect the vibratory characteristic of the XXXX, XXX, XXX.

The stapes is against the XXX XXX, and its that movement that causes fluid flux within the XXXX and XXXX XXX.

What is in the inner ear and leads to throat?

Hammer? Stirrup? Anvil?

Middle ear has the auditory ossicles, lateral to medial: malleus, incus, stapes. The soft rubber tube, is the membranous labyrinth contains endolymph. Bony labyrinth contains perilymph. Inner ear contains the vestibule and semicircular canals: equilibrium, also contains the cochlea: hearing.

Tympanic membrane (if you lose the tissue, it will effect the vibratory characteristics of the malleus, incus, stapes).

The stapes is against the oval window, and its that movement that causes the fluid flux within the cochlea and semicircular ducts.

The eustachian tube or auditory tube is inner part of ear that leads to the throat.

Hammer: malleus. Anvil: incus. Stirrup: stapes.

Membranous labyrinth is filled with XXX. It is surrounded by the XXX labyrinth that has XXX.

In the XXX, the membranous labyrinth is called XXX XXX.

In the XXX the bony labyrinth is called the?

What responds to rotation?

What responds to gravity and linear acceleration?

Where is it called bony and membranous labyrinth? Where is called scala media, scala vestibuli, scala tympani?

Stapes pushes on the XXX XXX will cause XXX displacement and move XXX cells in XXX of XXX trigger the XXX, causing XXX.

Organ of conti contains XXXX that has hair cells, found on the XXX surface of spiral organ.

We have an emotional response to XXX XXX

The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph and is surrounded by the bony labyrinth that has perilymph. In the cochlea, the membranous labyrinth is called the scala media or cochlear duct. In the cochlea the perilymph is called the: scala vestibuli or scala tympani.

Semicircular ducts respond to rotation, the article and saccule will respond to gravity and linear acceleration.

In the semicircular canals it is called bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth. While in cochlea it is called scala media, scala vestibula, scala tympani.

The stapes pushes on the oval window will cause fluid displacement and move the hair cells in organ of conti triggering CN VIII, causing hearing.

There is stereocilli with hair cells on the organ of corti, on the receptor surface of the organ of corti. There is an emotional response to deep sound.

What moves the stereocillia against the hair cells? This will get XXX or XXX, which will cause sound in XXX.

Ear stones? These will move XXX XXX and cause XXX function.

What stimulates the CN VIII? When action potential reaches the cranial nerve where does it go next?

The endolymph moves the stereocillia against the hair cells, you get depolarization or excitation, which will cause sound deep in cochlea.

Otolith (ear stones) will move the hair cells and cause hearing function. CN VIII is tied into this.

The malleus, incus, stapes moving against the oval window against cochlea, pressure waves are happening, eventually the fluid will cause hyperpolarization or depolarization, then the cochlear branch will stimulate the CN VIII, then it goes to the auditory cortex.

Fibrous tunic include? Both are XXXX. White of eye? Clear?

Vascular tunic includes?

Neural tunic?

Chambers of eye. Anterior and posterior chamber of XXXX cavity is filled with XXX humor, Vitreous chamber or posterior cavity is filled with XXX humor.

Corners of eye?

Darker eyes have more XXX being produced at higher rates.

What CN innervates all of eye muscles expect for 2?

Drainage in eye from the XXX XXX to our XXX XXX, if you cry your XXX runs.

Fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea. These are both collagenous. Cornea is clear the sclera is white of the eye, but both collagen.

Vascular tunic: choroid, iris

Nueral tunic: retina

Chambers of eye: anterior and posterior chamber of anterior cavity filled with aqueous humor, the posterior cavity is filled with vitreous humor, jelly like

Medial cantus and lateral canthus corners of eye.

Darker eyes more melanin being produced at higher rates.

CN III innervates all of eye muscle expect for superior oblique (CN IV) and lateral rectus (CN VI)

There is a drainage in eye from the medial canthus to our nasal cavity, if you cry nose runs.

Retina has cells called XXX called XXXX and XXXX.

Rods and cones are XXXX that when we XXXX them we have XXX.

Photoreceptor cells responsible for vision? These are located in the? This layer is XXX-sensitive at the XXX of eye.

Which are more numerous? Concentrated in XXX.

While XXX are XXX-packed in the XXX retina, especially in the XXX.

Which photoreceptor is responsible for vision at low light levels? XXX vision. These do not mediate XXX vision

Which photoreceptor is active at high light levels? XXX vision.

Which photoreceptor is capable of color vision?

Retina has cells called photoreceptors called rods and cones.

The rods and cones are the photoreceptors that when we depolarize them we have vision.

Rods and cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for vision, are located in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Rods are more numerous and concentrated in the periphery, while cones are densely packed in the central retina, particularly in the fovea. Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate color vision. Cones are active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity.

Along the visual axis is the? This has only what photoreceptors?

What has the highest concentration of cones in eye?

What is highly responsible for color vision?

The blind spot is where XXXX XXX are leaving via the XXX XXX. The XXX XXX is where you cannot see anything, no vision. What also exits the optic disk.

How many cones? Responsible for?

What keeps retina attached to posterior cavity?

Optic disk: The blind spot is where the visual impulses are leaving via the optic nerve, you cannot see anything at all. Retina artery and vein also exiting.

Along the visual axis: the fovea capitis, the fovea only has cones. Highly responsible for color vision. HAs the highest concentration of cones.

Cones: 3 of them (can have a 4th one so you can see more colors), responsible for color.

Vitreous humor in posterior cavity will keep the retina attached

Tonic receptors are…

Phasic receptors only send signals or become active when…

Adapation is when there is a XXX in XXX when there is constant XXX.

Peripheral adaption: changes in XXXX XXX

Central adaptation: when there XXX along the XXX XXX

Fast-adapting receptors are…

Slow-adapting receptors…

Tonic receptors constantly sends signals to CNS

Phasic receptors only send signals or become active when the conditions they are monitoring changes.

Adaptation is when there is a reduction in sensitivity when there is constant stimulus.

Peripheral (or sensory) adaptation: changes in receptor sensitivity

Central adaptation is when there is inhibition along the sensory pathway.

Fast-adapting receptors are phasic

Slow-adapting receptors are tonic

In neural layer

Rods

Cones

black and white vision in dim light

color vision in bright light

Baroreceptors

stretch receptor, detects pressure and volume changes in walls of blood vessels and walls of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract

Inner ear contains sensory organs for perception of equillibirum (XXX labyrinth) and hearing (XXX labyrinth)

Bony labyrinth contains the XXXX, XXX, and XXX

Membranous labyrinth contains the XXX, XXX, XXXX

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

Cochlea, vestibule, semi-circular canals

Utricle, saccule, scala media/cochlear duct