AP final

Process of Digestion

1.ingestion 2.propulsion 3.mechanical breakdown 4.chemical breakdown 5.absorption 6.defection

pancreas

gland that produces enzymes that breakdown food

liver

largest body gland produces bile

gallbladder

small organ that concentrates bile and stores it while digesting is occurring

atria

two receiving chambers of the heart located at the top of the heart

ventricle

two discharging chambers of heart located at the bottom of the heart

aorta

carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

coronary artery

branches off base of aorta into myocardium to encircle heart

pulmonary artery

carries oxygen poor blood from right ventricle the lungs

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

superior vena cava & inferior vena cava

carries oxygen poor blood from veins of body to right atrium, SVC drains upper, IVC drains bottom

systemic circulation

Heart>Body>Heart

Pulmonary circulation

heart>lungs>heart

erythrocytes

RBC, red blood cells

leukocytes

WBC, white blood cells

hematopoiesis

process of cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow

components of blood

plasma 55%, erythrocytes 45%, buff coat <1%

blood typing

A, B, AB, O

agglutination

clumping of cells in the presence of an antibody bc of wrong blood type transfusion

chemoreceptors

respond to changes in chemical concentrations in the blood, regulates breathing

path of light to eye

cornea>aqueus humor>pupil>lens>vitreous human>retina

accomadation

ability of the eye to focus on a object closer than 20ft

myopia

nearsighted, can’t see far

hyperopia

farsighted, can’t see close

emmatropia

state in which eye focuses images correctly on the retina

pathway of sound through ear

external auditory canal>hammer>anvil>stirrup>oval window>cochlea

vestibular apparatus

equilibrium receptors in inner ear

static equilibrium

report on changes in the position of the head in space with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving (static means at rest)

dynamic equilibrium

respond to angular or rotary movements of head

divisions of central nervous system

nervous system> Central nervous system> Brain & spinal cord

divisions of peripheral nervous system

nervous system>peripheral nervous system> sensory & motor> motor> somatic & automatic> automatic> sympathetic & parasympathetic

sensory (afterent) neurons

carries impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

motor (efferent) receptors

neurons carrying impulses from CNS to organs, muscles, glands, etc

frontal lobe

higher order thinking, reasoning,

parietal lobe

region of the brain located behind the frontal lobe that integrates sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, and spatial awareness

temporal lobe

auditory processing & perception

occipital lobe

visual processing

cerebellum

attached to brain stem dorsal to occipital lobe, controls movement

brain stem

attached brain to spinal cord contains structures with functions vital to life, mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

Functions of Skin

protection, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, and sensory reception

Layers of the Skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

melanin

yellow, black, brown, pigment amount & kind

carotene

orange, yellow, present in food such as oranges, deep yellow fruits veggies leafy greens

hemoglobin

red pigment in rbc skin in dermal blood vessels

axial skeleton

bones that form longitudinal axis of body

appendicular skeleton

bones of limbs and girdles

Purpose and Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Support: Provides a framework for the body.
2. Protection: Protects internal organs from injury.
3. Movement: Provides attachment points for muscles and enables movement.
4. Mineral Storage: Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
5. Blood Cell Formation: Red bone marrow produces blood cells (hematopoiesis).

long bones

longer than they are wide, forms other shell over most bones

short bones

generally cube shaped, mostly spongy bone

sesamoids

small short bones embeddled with a tendon, ex patella

flat bones

thin flattened usually curved, 2 thin layers of compact bone around sponges bone

structure of interior bone

1. epiphysis

2. metaphysis

3. diaphysis

4. metaphysis

5. epiphysis

ossification

process of forming bones

1. forming bone cavity

2. blood vessels form

3. medullary cavity

4. ossification of epiphysis

skeletal muscle

attached to bones, largest muscle fibers, voluntary, cell shape appearance

cardiac muscle

involuntary, striated rectangular, squeezed snd relaxed heart

smooth muscle

involuntary, found in inner walls of organs

energy for muscle contractions

energy comes from breakdown of ATP

anatomical position

standardized position used to describe & locate body parts regardless of actual position of body

homeostasis

body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite external conditions

components of homeostasis

1. receptor ability to monitor changes outside of body

2. control center determines appropriate level for variable determines response

3. effector outputs response to body

epithelial tissue

covers surface of body, lines body cavities,hollow organs,ducts,& vessels

connective tissue

connects the body parts, most abundant

muscle tissue

highly specialized tissue that contracts to produce movement

nervous tissue

tissue of nervous system monitors & regulates body systems