HIST 1302 Unit 1 Exam Review #2

Interstate Commerce Act

-Established the Interstate Commerce Commission which regulated the railroads to make them 'reasonable and just'.

John D. Rockefeller

-Standard Oil Company. He controlled 90% of the nations oil refining.

-Set up 'trusts' to help keep control of the business in each state, without allowing for state regulations.

-After declared to end his trusts, he created 'holding' companies

-horizontal integration

-philanthropist (despite exploiting workers)

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition (Rockefeller's company would sell oil for less than competing companies, causing them to lose sales.)

Andrew Carnegie

-Steel

-Caused steel industry to grow

-Vertical integration

-Gospel of Wealth

-Carnegie Hall

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.

Gospel of Wealth

-"Not evil, but good" accumulation of wealth because it went towards funding medicine and education.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

-Direct Current (low voltage, doesn't travel far)

-Partnered with J.P. Morgan and formed present-day General Electric.

Nikola Tesla

-Alternating current (high voltage, travels a longer distance, better form of electricity)

-Apprentice of Thomas Edison

-Partnered with financier George Westinghouse (bought over by J.P. Morgan).

-Patents lost when George Westinghouse was sold.

Knights of Labor

-Embraced all labor forces (blacks, women, immigrants) increasing its members and power (power in numbers).

Samuel Gompers

-Created the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

-Federation of many different unions which reached many different regions.

Haymarket Riot

Labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence. Wanted an 8 hr. workday

Conspirators tried and sentenced to death.

Social Darwinism

-Idea introduced by Herbert Spencer.

-Survival of the fittest applied to society.

-Wealthy people were rich because they were fit to be rich and shouldn't be prevented from acquiring more wealth.

-People who did not want govt. intervention used this to their advantage.

Dawes Serveralty Act

1887: surveyed native lands, apportioned the natives each 160 acres to farm individually.

-If they assimilated to the customs of the white man.

-Surplus of land sold to white settlers.

-Total native lands decreased from 138 millions to 47 million.

Booker T. Washington

-spokesman for equal treatment of blacks

-Emphasized hard work and personal development,rather than rebellion. Pushed for economic self sufficiency and education.

-Popular figure among white reformers.

-Despite efforts, black rights diminished.

John Pemberton

Created Coke, Pharmacist

Pendleton Act

-Limited practice of campaign contributions from federal employees.

-Established rules on how officials could raise funds.

-Ended spoils system.

Big Business

Term used to describe the corporations and monopolies since the industrial revolution of the late 1800s (during the Gilded Age).

Homestead Act

-Settlers can receive a 160-acre plot to settle free, but not enough to profit from.

-Settlers purchased additional on credit

-Improved plows, barbed wire, and grain silos helped but the burden was hard.

-Lacked water

Result of the Homestead Act

-Population increased (allowing more states to become part of the union)

-violent mining towns pop up

-cattle towns and cowboys

Jane Adams

-Founded the Hull House in response to poor conditions in Chicago.

-Hoped to aid poverty, disease, and political corruption.

Subways

-aspect of urbanization and tech development

-allowed rich to move out of cities and poor moved in (creating slums)

Urbanization

-Chicago and other major cities experience boom in population

-Sanitation and usable water problems

-tenement housing: uses dozen in each tiny room leading to bad sanitation

-suburbs for the rich

-subways, electric trains, trolleys (industrialization)

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892.

New Immigrants

-Southern and eastern Europeans

-Italians, Poles, Russian Jews

-Led to new cultures and new targets for Nativism

Political machine

-A political boss leads an organization to dominate politics in cities.

-Relied on the votes of the inner-city population to vote in the machine candidates.

-Got supporters by supplying jobs, economic relief and legal support (mainly to immigrants)

-efficiently controlled the supply of money and impact decisions in politics.

Boss Tweed

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes.Led Tammany Hall

Thomas Nast

-Political cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed by depicting him as a criminal and exposing his corruptness.

-Machines labelled as corrupt but reformers can't defeat them.

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

-They believed this dance made them bulletproof (fought bet since they had no fear)

-US Army warned about another uprising (because Natives felt invincible) at Wounded Knee Creek

Battle of Wounded Knee

Hand to hand combat between Sioux tribes and US Army. The Army killed 146 Native Americans. 25 US Soldiers died.

Chinese Exclusion Act

-1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States. (was extended to another 10 years)

-Resulted from the Chinese coming to America to find Gold.

Plessy v. Ferguson

-Homer Plessy (1/8th black man) sat in a white car.

He was arrested and appealed the decision on the basis of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

-Supreme Court upheld courts decision on the basis of "separate but equal"

-Established national law that segregation is legal.

Victorian society

-Based on Queen Victoria in Britain

-Public codes, restraint, sex, modesty, temperance, hard work, and family

-A kiss meant engagement

-Sex used for procreation (double standard for men)

-Fathers spend time with their families. Children are seen but not heard.

National American Women Suffrage Association

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

-Filed a petition of 400,000 signatures to Congress for Women's voting rights.

-Focused on women's rights, pay, and divorce

-major changes not made because Congress wouldn't commit

-voting rights achieved first in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho

Francis Willard

Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Women's organization pushing for prohibition. Causes other states to accept prohibition (after Oklahoma).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Suffragette

-Seneca Falls Convention organizer

Susan B. Anthony

-suffragette, abolitionist, prohibitionist

Imperialism

-Other Anglo countries were taking pieces of Asia and Africa

-Alred T. Mahan pushed for naval superiority

-Henry Cabot Lodge argued for aggressive expansion. Wanted to develop relation with Latin America to avoid falling behind.

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Created reciprocity to reduce tariffs on products to Latin American. Hoped to gain control of any canal across Central America