ENTM Exam I

Who developed the system of binomial naming and classification in the mid-1700s?

Carl Linnaeus

What is the primary purpose of standardized binomial classification for entomologists?

It provides a consistent framework to describe and compare species.

List the seven primary levels of biological classification in descending order starting from Kingdom.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What are the three biological domains?

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.

The kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista belong to which domain?

Eukaryota

To which phylum do humans belong?

Chordata

What is the taxonomic Class for humans?

Mammalia

What is the taxonomic Order for humans?

Primates

What is the taxonomic Family for humans?

Hominidae

What is the scientific name of the House Fly?

Musca domestica

What is the taxonomic Order of the House Fly?

Diptera

In the name Homo sapiens, what does 'sapiens' represent?

The species epithet.

What is the meaning of the Greek root 'Arthro' in the word Arthropoda?

Jointed

What is the meaning of the Greek root 'poda' in the word Arthropoda?

Foot

Which major group of arthropods is classified as a subphylum rather than a class?

Crustacea

How many pairs of antennae do members of the subphylum Crustacea typically have?

Two pairs

What are the two primary body regions of a crustacean?

Cephalothorax and abdomen.

How many pairs of legs do most crustaceans possess?

Five to seven pairs.

What type of eyes are characteristic of the subphylum Crustacea?

One pair of compound eyes.

To which class do millipedes belong?

Diplopoda

How many pairs of legs are typically found per body segment in the class Diplopoda?

Two pairs per segment.

What is the characteristic body shape of millipedes compared to centipedes?

They are cylindrical and rounded.

What is the primary food source for most members of the class Diplopoda?

Decaying plant material.

To which class do centipedes belong?

Chilopoda

How many pairs of legs are found per body segment in the class Chilopoda?

One pair per segment.

What is the structural orientation of a centipede's body?

Dorsoventrally flattened.

What specialized structures do centipedes use to inject toxins into their prey?

Forcipules (venomous claws).

How many pairs of legs do members of the class Arachnida have?

Four pairs

How many pairs of antennae are present in arachnids?

Zero

What are the two body regions of an arachnid?

Cephalothorax and abdomen.

What type of eyes do arachnids typically possess?

Six to eight simple eyes.

What is the common name for members of the order Opiliones?

Harvestmen or daddy longlegs.

Which arachnid order includes mites and ticks?

Acari

What is the scientific order name for spiders?

Araneae

What is the scientific order name for scorpions?

Scorpiones

How many primary body segments do insects have?

Three (head, thorax, abdomen).

How many pairs of legs do members of the class Insecta have?

Three pairs

To which subphylum do insects belong?

Hexapoda

Insect muscles are composed of repeating bundles of actin and myosin called _____.

Tonofibrillae

What are the tendon-like structures that attach insect muscles to the exoskeleton?

Apodemes

In what functional arrangement do insect locomotion muscles typically work?

Antagonistic pairs.

Which type of flight muscles attach directly to the wing base to move the wings?

Direct flight muscles.

How do indirect flight muscles move an insect's wings?

They deform the thorax.

In which group of insects are direct flight muscles the primary mechanism?

Palaeoptera (e.g., dragonflies and mayflies).

Which flight muscle type is dominant in advanced orders like Diptera and Hymenoptera?

Indirect flight muscles.

Name the three primary regions of the insect alimentary canal.

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

What are the three primary functions of the insect foregut?

Ingestion, storage, and grinding.

What is the primary function of the midgut?

Digestion and nutrient absorption.

What are the primary functions of the hindgut?

Osmoregulation, absorption, and excretion.

What is the function of the insect crop?

Temporary storage of food.

Which part of the foregut is responsible for the mechanical grinding of food?

Proventriculus

What structures in the midgut increase surface area and secrete digestive enzymes?

Gastric caeca

What is the primary site of enzymatic digestion in the insect gut?

Ventriculi

What membrane surrounds the food bolus to protect the midgut epithelium?

Peritrophic membrane

Which structures remove nitrogenous waste from the hemolymph and deliver it to the hindgut?

Malpighian tubules

Which part of the hindgut is the active site for water and ion reabsorption?

Rectum

What form of nitrogenous waste do aquatic animals typically excrete?

Ammonia

What solid nitrogenous waste product allows insects to conserve water?

Uric acid

Which structures in the rectum assist in the near-complete resorption of water?

Rectal pads

What is the name of the main circulatory tube running along the back of an insect?

Dorsal vessel

In the insect circulatory system, what is the anterior portion of the dorsal vessel called?

Aorta

What are the one-way valves through which hemolymph enters the insect heart?

Ostia

Where does hemolymph exit the aorta to bathe the tissues?

At the head.

What is the primary body cavity in arthropods where hemolymph bathes organs directly?

Hemocoel

What are the immune cells found circulating in insect hemolymph called?

Hemocytes

Which immune process involves hemocytes ingesting foreign particles?

Phagocytosis

Which immune process involves hemocytes forming a protective layer around large foreign particles?

Encapsulation

What is the function of the fat body in insects?

Storage of fats, glycogen, and proteins, and regulation of blood sugar.

What are the spiral chitin rings that reinforce insect trachea called?

Taenidia

What are the submicron-diameter tubes where gas exchange occurs at the tissue level?

Tracheoles

How do large or active insects move air through their tracheal system?

Active ventilation using abdominal pumping.

What structures in the respiratory system increase air volume displacement and lack taenidia?

Air sacs

What happens to the tracheal lining when an insect molts?

It is shed.

In which type of respiratory system are only the terminal spiracles functional?

Closed systems

What type of neurons carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

Sensory neurons

What type of neurons regulate the contraction of muscles?

Motor neurons

What type of neurons mediate the connections between sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons

What do neurosecretory neurons produce to control functions like development and metabolism?

Neurohormones

What are the clusters of nerve cells that make up the insect central nervous system called?

Ganglia

The insect central nervous system consists of a brain and a _____.

Ventral nerve cord

What are spermatophores?

Sperm packets encased in a water-tight lipoprotein shell.

In which insect orders are spermatophores most prominently used?

Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and some Coleoptera.

Where are sperm produced within the insect testes?

Follicles

What are the germ cells that divide by mitosis to form spermatocytes?

Spermatogonia

Which process yields four haploid spermatids from a single spermatocyte?

Meiosis

What are the two major functions of the male accessory glands?

Manufacturing seminal fluid and producing spermatophores.

What are the functional subunits of insect ovaries called?

Ovarioles

What is the name of the female genital chamber where sperm is often received during copulation?

Bursa copulatrix

Which structure in the female reproductive system stores sperm for future fertilization?

Spermatheca

How does the female insect release sperm onto the egg surface?

Muscular contraction across the spermatheca.

What is the primary role of the insect circulatory system regarding oxygen?

It is generally not involved in O2​ or CO2​ transport.

In hemimetabolous insects, how does the tracheal system change during molting?

It expands incrementally without complete rearrangement.

Which metabolic process in animals is the primary source of nitrogenous waste?

Protein metabolism

What is the structural characteristic of forcipules in centipedes?

They are the first pair of legs modified into venomous claws.

A

head

B

thorax

C

Abdomen

1

antenna

2

ocelli (lower)

3

ocelli(upper)