HISTORY (FINALS

criticism

criticism

the process by which historical evidence is derived from historical data

external criticism raises the questions

“Is the historical source what it appears or claims to be?”.

“Is it acceptable as evidence?”

Another name for external criticism

lower criticism

external criticism

concerned with establishing the genuineness or authenticity of data by means of examining the physical characteristics of the evidences.

scrutinized

the language and writing style used in the material.

historian asks the following questions to test for authenticity (where) Localization and Provenance

Where was the material produced?

Is the document where it ought to be?

Where was the material produced?

historian asks the following questions to test for authenticity (when) Date and Period

When was the source written/produced?

Is the material under scrutiny consistent with the historical characteristics of the

time when it was produced?

Did the writer report about things, events or places that could not have been known during that period?

Is anachronism present? Is there any anachronistic reference to events?

historian asks the following questions to test for authenticity (who) Authorship

Who wrote/produced the material?

historian asks the following questions to test for authenticity (what) Analysis and Integrity

From what pre-existing material was it produced?

What is the type of ink used?

What is the materials’ paper quality?

In what original form was it produced?

Is the material the material garbled wholly or in part?

What are the reasons for such garbled documents?

Is the material forged or misleading?

Historians guard for fabricated documents, what are the reasons for fabricating historical documents

To bolster a false claim or title

Documents are counterfeited for sale

Political propaganda

To mislead certain contemporaries

Historians guard for fabricated documents; check for….

anachronisms

Historians guard for fabricated documents; verify the

handwriting, signature, seal, letterhead and watermark

Historians guard for fabricated documents; origins

provenance of the documents

Restoration of documents (step 1) Collect

Get as many copies of the doubtful text.

Restoration of documents (step 2) Compare

In cases wherein some words, phrases, or whole passages are not found in others, ask the following questions:

(a) Among the copies collected, are those words or phrases additions?

(b) or are those omissions from the others?

Restoration of documents (step 3) Classify

Categorize the available copies according to their “families”.

(“Families” are groups of text which closely resemble each other. If the texts belong to the same family, it is highly probable that they originated from the same master copy.)

Restoration of documents (step 4) Distinguish

Within each family, establish the comparative age of the texts. If the members of the same family are mostly copied from each other, the oldest one is in all likelihood, but not necessarily, the one nearest the original.

Restoration of documents (step 5) Match

Once the copy nearest the original is determined, match and compare these “father” copies. These will usually result to finding words/passages found in some but not in others. Again, there is a need to scrutinize if these those words and passages are additions or omissions.

Restoration of documents (step 6) Prepare

Prepare the most accurate available wordings of the passages that were added or omitted.

Restoration of documents (step 7) Check

Watch out for anachronisms changes in handwritings, and opinions or errors because if they deviate from those of original author, they most likely indicate additions by a later hand. When the style and content of the passages are associated with the original author, it is safe to assume that they were actually parts of his original manuscripts but were omitted later on by other copyists.

Restoration of documents (step 7) Check (2)

Conversely, when they cannot be attributed to the author, it is safe to assume that they were not parts of his original manuscript after all. In some cases, a final decision has to await the discovery of still more copies. In many instances the original text can be appropriately or entirely restored.

Problem of credibility; content

Is the historical evidence/source/data accurate?

What is his agenda?

Problem of credibility; author / witness

Was the writer or creator competent, honest, and unbiased?

Was he willing or able to tell the truth?

Does the witness agree with other witnesses?

Problem of credibility; context

How long after the event happened until it was reported?

What are the circumstances that led to its production

versimilitude rather than objective truth

A particular is called CREDIBLE not because it is actually what happened, but that what actually happened as we can learn from a critical examination of the be resources.

ability to tell the truth; witness’s nearness to the event

distance and time

ability to tell the truth; witness’s competence

expertness, age, education, memory, physical and mental health, narrative skills

ability to tell the truth; degree of attention

the witness saw the event clearly

ability to tell the truth; danger of the leading question

hypothetical and loaded q /a

ability to tell the truth; circular argument

attributing unsigned writings to a supposed author

ability to tell the truth; egocentrism

what is essential to the witness/ how the witness knows it

Willingness to the truth, untruthfulness; caution against the witness

truth distortion benefits the witness

Willingness to the truth, untruthfulness; bias

perversion of the truth is subtle and may not be realized by the witness

Willingness to the truth, untruthfulness; desire to please and displease others

may lead to avoidance of the truth

Willingness to the truth, untruthfulness; laws and convention

sometimes obliges witness to depart from strict verdict

Willingness to the truth, documents

inexact dating of historical docs

Ability to the tell the truth, conditions favoring credibility; implication of the statement testimony

Testimony is likely to be unbiased if the implication of the statement is irrelevant to the witness.

Ability to the tell the truth, conditions favoring credibility; detrimental effect of statement or his cause

If the statement is harmful to the witness, his loved ones, the statement is likely to be truthful. (Note: Hence, confessions, if not forcibly extracted and given by a person with sound mental health, are considered valuable testimonies.)

Ability to the tell the truth, conditions favoring credibility; matters of common knowledge

Witness is not likely to be mistaken or tell lies when describing about matters of common knowledge or well- known facts.

Ability to the tell the truth, conditions favoring credibility; incidental and probable statements

in cases wherein the fact in question may not be well-known, certain kinds of statements are both incidental and probable to such an extent that error or falsehood seems improbable.

Ability to the tell the truth, conditions favoring credibility; testimony contrary to one’s belief

if the personal beliefs, convictions and thought patterns of the witness are publicly known and yet he declares contrary statements, it is likely that his statements are credible.

historical fact

particular derived directly or indirectly from historical documents and regarded as credible after testing in accordance with the canons of historical method.

historical subjects has these aspects

biographical, geographical, chronological and occupational/functional

historical subjects are subjected to

Even the most genuine of documents should be regarded as guilty of deceit until proven innocent.

For each particular of a document the process of establishing of credibility

should be separately undertaken regardless of the general credibility of the author.

Although a primary particular which has been extracted from the documents after undergoing internal and external criticism may be presumed to be trustworthy,

such particular may only be considered as historical fact only after obtaining corroboration among witnesses.

Igorot are from the

clustered in the northern part of the country

Lumads are localized in

southern part of the Philippines

Ethnic groups belonging under the lumads

Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.

Ethnic groups belonging under the Igorot

The Ifugao, the Ilongot, Isnag, Gaddang as well as the groups known as the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankaaey and Tinguian

R.A 8371

“The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act”

Historical negationism

is a form of historical revisionism which seeks to deny the reality of the historical event in question and usually runs contrary to society’s collective memory.

Concepts significant understanding the method of historical analysis.

Interpretation and multiperspectivity

Interpretations

vary according to who, when and how the primary sources are read;

Many of the things previously accepted as “true” may not be the case today

Multiperspectivity

recognizes that there are different ways of viewing and evaluating history.

Essence of multiperspectivity

By relying on a singular viewpoint, there is a risk of allowing no space for inquiry and

investigation.

Proclamation of independen ce

June 12, 1898

first adviser to the late President Emilio Aguinaldo, authored Proclamation of Philippine Independence

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira

movements Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira was part of

La Liga Filipina

Cuerpo de Compromisarios

La Propaganda

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira graduated in

graduated from UST in 1865 (law)

The declaration of independence was written

originally written in Spanish translated in English

relatively long due to narration of notable events

noted precise dates and important people

presence of biased approach and claims

narrative writing use to write the proclamation of independence

tragedies and events ( polo y servicio, abuses and overall effects of colonization)

geographical

kawit, etivac

The proclamation of independence was written (primary source)

in Spanish (translated to English)

antonio pigafetta is known as

The chronicler of the voyage

Antonio Pigafetta’s books

Relazione del priomo viaggio intorno al mondo

II primo viaggio intronon al globo di Antonio Pigafetta e le sue regole sull’arte del navigare

Who accompanied Magellan to the Spanish Islands

Antonio Pigafetta

The expedition started and ended

1519 and ended in Spain in 1522

The book/novel was written

on board one of the 5 ships: Victoria this ship was able

to return to Spain.

Who created publications about the Cavite Mutiny

Fr .John N. Schumacher SJ

Recognition received by Fr .John N. Schumacher SJ

Ateneo de Manila University Gawad Tanglaw ng Lahi on the centenary of Philippine independence.

When did the Cavite Mutiny happened

January 20, 1872,at Fort San Felipe in Cavite

Reason behind the Cavite Mutiny

Rooted in protest by Spanish and Filipino military

personnel against discrimination and abuse