US History 1

Encomienda

• A land grant system – which gave Spanish dominion over native lands.

• Used force to extract raw materials and labor

• Forced Catholic Christianity onto indigenous peoples

• abolished 1542 replaced with Repartimento, which was just as bad

Bartolome de las casas

• Spanish Dominican Priest

• Wrote to the King of Spain for laws preventing the exploitation of Native Americans

The Colombian Trade

diseases were introduced to different parts of the world

The Reformation

• October 31st,1517, Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Catholic Church, sparking this

1. The main argument was that payments had to be paid to the church to lessen the punishment for one’s sin, which was seen as corruption

• Believed salvation comes from faith in god

• Sola Scriptura (Bible’s authority, the only source of your spiritual authority)

1. led to the translation of the Bible into common languages

Martin Luther

• German Monk

• read the bible due to personal spiritual struggles, leading him to realize that the Catholic church exploited Christians, causing the Reformation

Puritan

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Characteristics: Total Depravity, Predestination, Providence, Visible vs Invisible Church, Sabbath Laws, No Games of Chance, No Christmas / Easter, Modest Dress, Beer, Theocracy

• Believed families were “little commonwealths.”

• Patriarchal

• Family, church, and government were inseparable

• More preachers than anywhere in the world

• Whole churches would come to the new world

• Theocratic

• Ordained days of prayer and fasting

• Town meetings

• Popular government - but dissenters were pushed out - women had not vote

Pilgrim

• The English Separatists: A group of people in the early 1600s who wanted to separate from the Church of England because they felt it was still too similar to the Catholic Church.

• The Mayflower: In 1620, they sailed to North America on the Mayflower to establish the Plymouth Colony. They wanted a place where they could practice their religious beliefs freely, without interference from the English government or church.

• Connection to Calvinism: Many of them were influenced by the ideas of John Calvin, emphasizing the authority of the Bible and a disciplined, moral lifestyle.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Royal Charter that allowed the government to be located in the colony

• From harassed minority to self governing entity

• Reformers not separatists

• “Cosmic significance”

• John Winthrop's vision: Create a model Christian community that would inspire the world

• They saw themselves as having a covenant with God to build a perfect society

Plymouth Colony

• Founded in 1620 by English Separatists (Pilgrims) seeking to break from the Church of England.

• The Mayflower Compact (1620)

1. Agreement to form a “civil body politic” and pass “just and equal laws.”

Jamestown

• Est by politically connected entrepreneurs hoping to make a profit

• Had license from the king to intrude on native and Spanish lands

• Starvation Time –1609

• Reinforcements in 1610 – strict rule of Lord De La Warr

Headright

• a land grant program introduced in 1618 by the Virginia Company to encourage English migration to the colonies and solve critical labor shortages, particularly for growing tobacco.

• 50 acres per "head": Each person who paid their own passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land

Slave Codes

1680 — 1705: Reflect Racism and the Deliberate Separation of Blacks and Whites. Color becomes the Determining Factor. Conscious Efforts to Rigidly Police Slave Conduct

Middle Colonies

1. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

• New York: Diverse in everyway

1. King Charles -granted it to the Duke of York in 1664

• Pen and Jersey: New Jersey and Penn came directly from New York

-1664 – Duke of York subdivided his land giving it to friends

- Too many Puritans and Quakers

-William Penn became moderator

Anne Hutchinson

• began teaching in her home

• Formal charges brought against her by Winthrop in 1637

• Puritan spiritual advisor

• controversial figures in early Massachusetts Bay Colony history

• Believed in direct guidance

• Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and moved to Rhode Island

Roger Williams

• early supporter of the separation of church and state

• banished 1635

• Government has authority over civil matters only; faith is between the individual and God

• Founded Rhode Island

Quakers

• 1650s

• Inner Light

• “no sexes”

• No sabbath observance

• Branded, whipped, drug, and hanged

Stono Rebellion

• 20 slaves attacked a store gained numbers as they marched

• Marched for miles

• Killed roughly 20 whites

• Stopped by a militia

Gang system

• Associated with Tobacco in the Virginia region

• Enslaved workers were divided into "gangs" based on their physical strength and age

• Punishment (whipping, threats) enforced the pace

• No "finishing early"—even if work was done efficiently, more work was assigned

Task System

• Overseers set defined jobs (e.g., weed a set acreage, repair a dike section). Individuals worked at their own pace to complete them.

• the task system allowed limited autonomy and time after finishing tasks.

The Enlightenment

Empiricism, Rationalism, Progress, Optimism about human nature, Consent to government, Critique of religion

• Natural rights: people possess inherent rights (life, liberty, property).

• Social contract: governments derive legitimacy from the consent of the governed.

• Separation of powers and rule of law to prevent tyranny.

John Locke

• believed in natural rights: people possess inherent rights (life, liberty, property).

• Authority comes from consent of the governed

• If government fails, people can overthrow it

The First Great Awakening

• Began in England in 1730s and 1740s

• series of religious revivals that spread across the colonies

• Empiricism A reaction to Enlightenment thinking

Empiricism

The view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience (senses) and observation

French and Indian War

• 1754-1763

• It pitted Great Britain and its colonial militias (and some Indigenous allies) against France and its Indigenous allies for control of North America—especially the Ohio River Valley.

• France lost most North American territory; Britain gained Canada and lands east of the Mississippi plus Spanish Florida; Spain received Louisiana west of the Mississippi.

• Massive British debt → new colonial taxes (Stamp Act, etc.) and end of “salutary neglect,” fueling colonial resistance.

• Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachians after frontier conflict (e.g., Pontiac’s War), angering colonists.

Stamp Act

• War debt remained

• New tax on all paper materials

• Affected everyone - especially businesses

Sons of liberty

• Mock execution of Stamp of Stamp distributor

• Burned in effigy

• Riots ensued destroying the governor’s (Thomas Hutchison) home

• Boston tea party

Townsend duties

• Tax on imports – tea, glass, lead, paint,

• Paid for salaries of royal governors

• “We are taxed without our consent, WE ARE SLAVES” – Philadelphia Lawyer John Dickinson

Thomas Paine

• wrote in clear, direct language that ordinary people could understand.

• His pamphlet "Common Sense" (1776) powerfully argued that the American colonies should break away from British rule and establish an independent republic.

• He argued that monarchy and hereditary rule were unnatural and unjust.

• believed that when a government fails to protect people’s rights, revolution is not just a right but a duty.

The Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

• Closed Boston harbor until tea was paid for

• Suspended colonial govt.

• Let governor appoint city councilmen – not elected Royal officials committing

• capital crimes would be tried in England

• Royal military could be housed in private homes

period

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