cardiovascular physiology WASQ

pulmonary circuit function

carries blood to and from lungs

pulmonary circuit route

right ventricle

lungs

heart

left atrium

systemic circuit defintiion

carries blood to and from body capillaries

systemic circuit route

left ventricle

body capillaries

heart

right atrium

describe how blood flows through the heart

vena cava

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

pulmonary valve

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary arteries

lungs

pulmonary veins

left atrium

bicupsid valve

left ventricles

aortic valve

aorta

what vessel drains into right atrium

vena cava

coronary sinus

explain why left ventricular myocardium is thicker

takes blood to systemic capillaries which is farther, higher pressure, and higher resistance

heart valves: function

prevent backflow

heart valves: how is stretching prevented

fibrous skeleton

heart valves: what are the two major heart valves and what do they seperate

atrioventricular valve semilunar valves

FILL OUT TREE

cardiac muscle: how are cells connected

intercallated discs made up of gab junctions and desmosomes

what is a syncytium

a group of intercallated cells that work together

cardiac muscle: order of synctitum

atria to ventricles

cardiac muscle: how is energy derived

aerobic respiration

what er the three major ap phases autrhythmic cells go through

rewrite study tool

what part of the conduction system is considered the pacemaker

sinoatrial node

how is the ANS controlling the pacemaker

• sympathetic; cardiac acceletory = increase heart rate

• parasympathetic: vagus nerve = decrease heart rate

describe conduction system components

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

atrioventricular bundle

right and left bundle branches

purkinje fibers

what causes atrial systole

SA node firing and spreading through the atria

what causes ventricular systole

purkinje fibers send signals through ventricles and depolarize them

where is the delay in conduction

atrioventricular node

why is there a delay in conduction

the fibrous skeleton separating atria from ventricles allows atria to fully contract and push blood into ventricles before ventricles contract

what is the resting membrane potential

-90mv

contractile cell action potential

use study tool

describe contractile cell excitation contraction coupling

use study tool

p wave

sends out depolarization to atria

P-R interval

atrial depolarizaiton

atrail contraction

QRS complex

depolarizaiton of ventricles

S-T segment

ventricular diastole

Q-T segment

ventricular depolarization

ventricar contraction

ventricular repolarization

what causes first heart sound ‘dubb’

AV valves closing

what causes second heart sound “dubb”

semilunar valves closing

what is happening in the heart to lead to first sond

ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

what is happpening in the heart to lead to second heart sound

great vessel pressure is greater then ventricular pressure

what is the cardiac cycle

repeating patterns of contraction and relaxation of the heart

what are the five phases of the cardiac cycle

1. atrial contraction

2. isovolumetric contraction

3. ventricular ejection

4. isovolumetric relaxation

5. ventricular filling

what is cardiac output

volume of blood pumped per minute by hearch veintricle

what is stroke volume

volume of blood pumped per each heart beat

stroke volume equation

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

define: end diastolic volume

ventricular contraction

define: end systolic volume

ventricular relaxation

total peripheral resistance

all of the vascular resistance offered by systemic blood vessles

major factors affecting stroke volume

• contractility direct

• preload direct

• afterload inverse

contractility and stroke volume relationship

direct

contractility and preload relationship

direct

contractility and afterload relationship

inverse

preload definition

ventricular filling

afterload definition

amount of pressure needed to overcome in order to eject blood from ventricular chamber

relationship between: end systolic volume and stroke volume

direct

relationship between: contractility and stroke volume

direct

relationship between: total peripheral resistance and stroke volume

inverse

relationship between: contractility and catacholemines

direct

what major structures prevent the heart from stretching beyond its optimal limits

connective tissue in teh wall of the heart

fiberous skeleton

pericardium

what is chronotropic effect

ANS activity influence heart rate

define positive chronotropic effect

increases heart rate

cell reaches threshold faster

nerve responsible for sending positive chronotropic effect signal

sympathetic nerve

positive chronotropic effects: effectors

SA node

AV ode

positive chronotropic effects: receptors

beta receptors

define negative cronotropic effect

decrease hr

negative chronotropic effect: nerve responsible

vagus nerve

negative chronotropic effect: effectors

SA node and AV node

negative chronotropic effect: receptors

muscarinic receptors

how do thyroid hormones affect heart rate

enhance cardiac contractility

increase heart rate

what form of exercise will promote cardiovascular fitness

aerobics

aeriobics minimu recommendation

20 minutes 3 to 5 times per week

what does aerobic training do for heart health

hypertrophy of the heart

CO doubles that of a sdeintery person