booster bio vids CELLS + ORGANELLES

Cell theory (7 points)

1) all cells come from pre existing cells)

2) 1+ cells

3) cell = basic unit

4) energy flow = metabolism + biochem

5) tot energy depends on the function of the system

6) DNA is passed down

7) similar species = similar composition

fluid mosaic meaning

mosaic = membrane made of diff parts

fluid = parts of membrane always moving

what phospholipid bilayer is made of AND what can/cant pass thru

phosphate head (polar = lieks water) + 2 fatty acid tails (NP)

ONLY small, uncharged, NP molecs can pass thru (ex: steroid hormones)

Bigger charge, size, + Polar = :(((

Prokaryotes vs Euks + their ribosomes

Prokaryotes = no nucleus + no membrane bound organelles

Proks = 30 + 50 = 70S

Euks = 40 + 60 = 80S

chromatin vs histone, vs nucleosomes

chromatin = the uncondensed DNA

histone = what DNA wraps around

nucleosome = the structure of the dna wrapping around histone

cytosol vs cytoplasm

cytosol = gel fluid

cytoplasm includes cytosol, organelles, etc.

RER vs SER

RER = makes proteins + modifies them ; close to nucleus

SER = makes lipids + steroid hormones, cell detox (also known as sarcoplasmic ER)

golgi role

packages + modifies proteins by adding glycosylate polypeptide groups ALSO makes lysosomes

(golgi vesicles are from cis to trans )

peroxisome roles

for liver + kidney,

H2O2 + breakdown of H2O2 (using catalase) and also breakdown of fatty acids

cytoskeleton role

motility + stabilize proteins + shape maintain

microfilaments for motility,

intermediate filaments (ex: keratin) for shape maintain

vacuole roles + diff bw central and contractile vacuole

for PLANTS —> storage + transport

central vacuole = turgor = structure

contractile vacuole = XS water pump

which three organelles (animals/plants) have double membrane?

nucleus, mitoch, chloroplasts

mitochondria roles

ATP + B-oxidation (for fatty acid breakdown)

centrioles role

spindle fibers ; made of microtubules

MTOC (microtubule organizing center) roles and what structures included + formation

makes spindle apparatus

includes centrosomes + basal bodies

9×3 formation

chlorosplast roles

photosynthesis

absorbs red + blue but reflect green

endosymbiotic theory

mitoch came from prok (how we know?)

• has OWN circular DNA (chloroplasts too)

• binary fission

  • same size as proks

animal cells vs plant cells

animal cells have centrioles

plant cells have plastids (chloroplast), vacuoles, cell WALL

5 types of membrane proteins

transport (2 types)

• channel (ion channel, aquaporins) - open always

• carrier = glucose

receptor

glycoproteins (cell-cell recog, signall, adhesion)

enzymes

adhesion proteins (3 types)

3 types of adhesion proteins+ their role

tight junctions (BBB, digestive track)

adherens junctions (line the blood vessels)

gap junctions (cell-cell signalling)

desmosomes vs hemidesmosomes

desmosomes similar to adherence junctions, they are much stronger tho (ex: cardiac muscle)

hemidesmosomes = stabilize + hold cells in place (ex: skin)

passive vs active transport

passive = no ATP bc just going down concentration gradient (from high to low)

active = ATP bc going against conc gradient (low to high)

• 2 types: primary (use ATP) + secondary (use existing electrochemical gradient to link molec w another molec like Na+ bc Na+ goes down)

simple diffusion vs facilitated

simple = directly across membrane

facilitated = using transport proteins

endocytosis vs exoctosis (+ 3 types of endocytosis)

endocytosis = inside cell

• phagocytosis = engulfing/eating around (like pacman)

• pinocytosis

• recep med endocytosis = clathrin (think of ventricle recycling after NT release

exocytosis = NTs released outside of cell(bc of Ca+)

apical vs basal

apical = outersurface not attached to anything

basal = basement (anchored to the basement)

diffusion vs osmosis

diffusion = SOLUTE from high to low conc (ex: salt)

osmosis = SOLVENT from high to low conc (ex: water)

hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic

hypertonic soln = salty soln which means theres high conc of solute than inside cell so water will go out of cell and will cause cell to shrink

ex: saltwater fish —> ocean is salty

hypotonic = cell bursts bc too much water inside it (ex: distilled water)

cell walls of bacteria, fungi, protists are made of?

bacteria = peptidoglycan

fungi = chitin

plant = cellulos

gram + vs gram - bacteria

gram + = thick pep cell wall = purple stain

gram - = thin pep cell wall (which is inner + outer membrane)

glycocalyx

outer coating of bacteria, also inside blood vessels

what happens when gram - bacteria is destroyed?

lipopolysaccharides are released as an endotoxin

what is the ECM made of

glycoproteins

proteoglycans

collagen (most abundant — every third aa is glycine)

fibronectin = connects to integrins (anchors)

ECM roles (3)

cell signaling, structural, adhesion

note: NO CELL REGEN ROLE

role of cyclosis

circulates cytoplasm by contracting actin + microfilaments (microfilaments for muscle control + cleavage)