Energy Systems, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Responses: A Comprehensive Biology and Exercise Physiology Review
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Which energy systems are anaerobic?
ATP-PC (PCR) and Glycolysis; they do not require oxygen.
Which energy systems are aerobic?
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain; they require oxygen.
What is the timing for ATP-PC?
0-30 seconds.
What is the timing for Glycolysis?
~6 seconds-3 minutes.
What is the timing for the Aerobic system?
2+ minutes.
What is the primary reaction of the ATP-PC system?
PC + ADP → ATP + Creatine (Creatine Kinase).
What is the ATP breakdown reaction?
ATP → ADP + Pi + energy (Myosin ATPase).
What are the key regulatory enzymes in Glycolysis?
Hexokinase (HK) and Phosphofructokinase (PFK).
What is the ATP investment/output starting with glucose?
Invest 2 ATP, produce 4 ATP (net +2).
What is the ATP investment/output starting with glycogen?
Invest 1 ATP, produce 4 ATP (net +3).
What is the primary muscle glucose transporter?
GLUT-4.
Which hormone stimulates GLUT-4 at rest?
Insulin.
How does acute exercise affect GLUT-4?
Calcium from contractions stimulates GLUT-4 uptake.
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
What are the products per 1 acetyl-CoA in the Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP, 2 CO₂.
How much ATP is produced per NADH?
~2.5 ATP.
How much ATP is produced per FADH₂?
~1.5 ATP.
What is the net ATP yield from glucose oxidative metabolism?
~32 ATP.
What is the net ATP yield from glycogen oxidative metabolism?
~33 ATP.
What is the difference between lactate and lactic acid?
Humans produce lactate, not lactic acid.
What carries oxygen in blood?
Hemoglobin.
Where is PO₂ highest?
Atmosphere.
Where is PO₂ lowest?
Mitochondria.
What happens to HR during cardiovascular drift?
Increases.
What happens to SV during cardiovascular drift?
Decreases.
What does the Central Governor Model propose?
The brain limits performance to prevent damage.
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