human health and disease

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smoking is assoicated with increase incidence of

lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, throat cancer, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer

antibodies are released by

B cells/ B lymphocytes

specific opioid receptors are present in

central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract

cannabinoid receptors are present in

brain

coca alkaloid receptor is present in

dopamine receptors(affects dopamine transport)

excessive dosage of drug can lead to

coma or death by respiratory failure,heart failure, cerebral haemorrhage

chronic use of alcohol and drugs cause

damage to nervous system, liver cirrhosis

sportsperson misuse 5 types of drugs they are

narcotic analgesic ,anabolic steroids, diuretic, certain hormones, cannabinoids

side effects of anabolic steroids in female

increased aggressiveness, masculinisation, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycle, excessive hairs on body and face, enlargement of clit, deepening of voice

effects of anabolic steroids on male

acne, increased aggressiveness, reduction in testicle size, decreased sperm production, potential kidney and liver dysfunction, breast enlargement, premature baldness, enlargement of prostate gland

heroin (smack) is chemically known as

diacetylmorphine

heroin is generally consumed by

snorting, injection

heroin acts as

depressant, slows down body function

different type of drugs obatined from cannabis sativa

Marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja

cannabinoids are taken by

inhalation, oral ingestion

cannabinoids effect

cardiovascular system

morphine structure

cannabinoid structure

cocaine is usually taken

snorting

cocaine can cause

potent stimulating action on nervous system

excessive use of cocaine can cause

hallucinations

plants with hallucinogenic properties

atropa belladonna and datura

drugs normally used as medicine to help patient cope with mental illness and depression, insomnia

barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines

physical agents of cancer

ionising x rays and γ rays and non ionising uv rays

chemical agent of cancer

smoke from ciggrates, tobacco smokes

biological agents of cancer

oncogenic viruses, cellular oncogens(proto oncogens)

ways to diagnose cancer in internal organs

xrays, ct scan, mri

method which is also used to identify cancer in some cases

antibodies against specific cancer antigens

majority of cancer treatment drugs have side effects like

hairloss and anemia

blood circulation was developed by

william Harvey

sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, loss of appetite

typhoid( salmonella typhi)

fever, chills, cough, headache

pneumonia( streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae)

nasal congestion, discharge, sore throat, hoarsness, cough , headache, tiredness

common cold( rhino virus)

constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood clots

amoebiasis( entamoeba histolytica)

internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever anemia, bloackage of intestinal passage

ascariasis( ascaris)

most common infectious disease in man

ringworm

fungi belonging to genera which causes ringworm

microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton

dry scaly lesions on skin nails and scalp

ringworm

chikungunya is caused by

aedes mosquito

skin, mucus coating of epithelium lining of respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract

physical barrier

acid in stomach,saliva in mouth, tears from eyes

physiological barrier

pmnl neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cell

cellular barrier

interferons

cytokine barrier

primary and sec immune responses is bcos of

b and t lymphocytes

causes of graft rejection

ability to distinguish self cell and cell mediated immunity

colostrum has

igA

hepatitis b vaccine is produced

yeast

antibodies released due to allergy

igE

allergy is due to the relaese of chemical like

histamine and seretonin

drugs to reduce symptoms of allergy

anti histamine, adrenaline and steroids

primary lymphoid organ

thymus and bone marrow

oragns which provide site for interaction of lymphocytes with antigens

secondary lymphoid organs

the secondary lymphoid organs provide the site for interaction of lymphocyte with the antigen which then proliferates to become

effector cell

both bone marrow and thymus provide micro environment for maturation of

t lymphocytes

spleen mainly contains

lymphocytes and phagocytes

can infected hiv cells survive while virus is being replicated and released

yes

the rna genome of the virus is replicated in ehich cells

macrophages

hiv can also enter into which cells to replicate

t lymphocytes

bouts of fever , diarrhoea, weight loss

hiv( when hiv is attacking and decreasing t lympho count)

NACO

National AIDS control organisation