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Incidence Proportion (Cumulative Incidence)

Probability that a number of people will develop a disease over a specific period of time

Incidence Density Ratio

The incidence density of an exposed group divided by the incidence density of an unexposed group

Surveillance

Interprets data to facilitate prevention/control

Infant mortality rate

number of deaths of children

Case Fatality

The mortality rate divided by the incidence rate

Cohort Studies

All participants are at risk of developing disease, Participants are chosen based on their exposure, Followed over a long period of time with large groups, Establishes temporal relationships, Done for rare diseases, Can be prospective or retrospective, Generate hypotheses

Frequencing Matching

Two groups that are similar based on one confounder

Factorial Design

Ensuring that both treatments have different outcomes and independent modes of action, Drug interactions may prevent the independent study of the effects of each drug

Information Bias

Observation/measurement bias, Refers to data obtainment/interpretation

Interviewer Bias

Bias in interpreting information from participants, Eliminated through blinding, All study designs

Non-Differential Misclassification

Measurement of disease is the same for exposed/unexposed groups, and measurement of exposure is the same for diseased/non-diseased groups, Exposure and outcome are measured incorrectly in the same way

Detection Bias

Bias affecting outcome measurement

Attrition Bias

Incomplete outcome data due to losses to follow up

Design stage

randomization, restriction, matching

Analysis stage

multivariable regression analysis, stratification

Attack Rate

The risk of a disease being developed during an outbreak

Incidence Rate (Incidence Density)

New cases of a disease divided by the person-time of a population

Prevalence

Number of cases of a disease divided by the total population

Mortality/Death (Crude Death Rate)

A measure of the total number of deaths in a population per unit time

Perinatal mortality rate

the sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths

Maternal mortality ratio

the number of maternal deaths

Maternal mortality rate

number of maternal deaths of women of reproductive age

Proportionate Mortality

Cause-specific mortality rate divided by the total mortality

Absolute Mortality

Number of deaths in a population caused by a certain disease

Direct Age Standardization

Adjusts the observed mortality rate to that of a reference population with known-age distribution