AP Psychology Unit 12/13 Flashcards

Biopsychosocial model

Influence of biology, psychology, and society on disorders

Diathesis stress by hypothesis

Genetic factors place individuals at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual disorder

Specific Phobia

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object, activy, situation; significant interference

Preparedness Hypothesis

Innate tendency to respond quickly/automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors

Depressive Disorders

Sad, empty, or imitable, mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect functioning

MDD With Seasonal Pattern

Onset and remission of MD episodes of characteristic times of year

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not for at least 2 years; symptoms not as severe as MDD

Causes of Depressive Disorders

Genetics, chemical (serotonin), environmental, cognitions

Dissociative disorders

Disruption in integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior

Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms

Person displays deficits or loss of normal functioning, Decreased emotional expression, doesn’t usually respond to antipsychotic meds

Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms

Person displays active symptoms or distortion of normal functioning, word salads, delusions, hallucinations, usually responds to antipsychotic meds

Psychopharmacology

Prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness, Increases receptiveness to other insight therapies

Antipsychotics

Teat psychosis and symptoms (affects dopamine pathways-decrease it)

Tardive dyskinesia

Incurable disorder of motor control from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs (ticks)

Antidepressants

Usually increases serotonin/norepinephrine (SSRI). (caution-suicide, improper use, side affects) (Exercise + CBT = success for mid/mod depression)

Mood stabilizers

Lithium carbonate-treats bipolar

Antianxiety Drugs

Barbiturates (CNS) and Benzodiazepines (Specific) (Increase GABA)

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive but unwarranted distrust and suspiciousness; assumes that other people intend to decide, exploit, or harm them

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive detachment from social relationships; emotionally cold and flat; indifferent to praise or criticism from others

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Odd thoughts, speech emotional reactions, mannerisms, and appearance; impaired social and interpersonal functioning, often superstitious

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Blatantly disregards or violates the rights of others; impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, and lacks guilt or remorse

Borderline Personality Disorder

Erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image; impulsive; desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; feelings of emptiness; self-destructive

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Exaggerated, overly dramatic expression of emotions and attention-seeking behavior that often includes sexually seductive or provocative behaviors

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Grandiose sense of self-importance; exaggerates abilities and accomplishments; excessive need for admiration; boastful, pretentious

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Extreme social inhibition due to feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, rejection, or disapproval

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive, clinging behavior, fear of separation, and the inability to assume responsibility

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interfere with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism

Psychological disorder

Marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition emotion regulation, or behavior (Distressing, maladaptive, interferes with daily life)

Medical model

Disease: physical causes that can be diagnosed, theated, and maybe cured

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

DSM-5

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Most accepted classification system in the US)

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Anxiety disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety (19%)

Social anxiety disorders

Intense fear or avoidance of social situations

Generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal

Panic disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by worry of another

Agoraphobia

Fear/avoidance of situations, where one has felt loss of control and panic; avoid places (crowds, open places)

Phobia

Intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, situation, significant interference

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbing feeling after a traumatic experience

Major depressive disorder

Clear cut changes in affect, cognition, and behavior with inter-episode remissions (change in previous function, 2 week period) (must have a depressed mood or loss of interest)

Mania

Periods of elevated mood and periods of depression

Rumination

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

Psychotic disorders

Loss of contact with reality

Schizophrenia

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Delusion

False belief that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence

Hallucination

Sensory perception with no external cause usually auditory, related to delusions (Disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior)

Chronic schizophrenia

A form in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

Acute schizophrenia

A form that can be at any age; frequently after a traumatic event

Somatic symptom disorder

Excessive distressing somatic symptoms plus abnormal thoughts, feeling/behaviors in response to them

Conversion disorder

Alfred voluntary motor or sensory functions without physical cause

Illness anxiety disorder

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness without somatic symptoms

Dissociative identity disorder

Disruption of identity/sense of self characterized by 2 plus distinct personality states (90% have history of child abuse)

Dissociative amnesia

Psychologically induced inability to recall bio information

Fugue

Purposeful travel, bewildered wandering

Anxiety cluster

Such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder

Eccentric/odd behavior cluster

Such as the emotionless disengagement of schizotypal

Dramatic/impulsive behavior cluster

Such as the attention-getting borderline personality disorder the self focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards family

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being underweight, also can excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

A persons binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight loss

Binge-eating disorder

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, guilt, but without the compensatory behavior of bulimia

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interaction between therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties

Biomedical therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

Eclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Insight therapies

Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and differences

Resistance

The blocking from consciousness of anxiety

Interpretation

The analyst’s nothing supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events

Transference

The patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other emotions linked with other relationships

Psychodynamic therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition views, individuals responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

Client-centered therapy

The therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environmental to facilitate clients growth

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echos, restates and clarifies. A feature in Rogers client-centered therapy

Unconditional positive regard

A caring accepting nonjudgmental attitude, which Roger believed would help clients develop self-awareness and acceptance

Counterconditioning

Behavior therapy that uses classical conditioning to invoke a new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Exposure therapies

Behavior techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure, that treat anxieties by showing them their fears

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradual increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

VR exposure therapy

A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their fears

Aversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Token economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior that can later be exchanged

Cognitive therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, core adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption of thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

Group therapy

Therapy conducted with group rather than individuals

Family therapy

Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Meta-analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Evidence-based practice

Clinical decision making that integrated the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristic and preferences

Therapeutic alliance

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a client and therapist, who work together constructively to overcome the clients problem

Antipsychotic drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of sever thought disorder

Antianxiety Drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and PTSD

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Used for treatment of severe depression (3 per week for 2-4 weeks= 70-80% marked improvement) (side effect-memory disruption)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A possible alternative to ECT, less memory loss (treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar)

Psychosurgery

Surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders

Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotion or violent patients. The procedure would cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Posttraumatic growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstance and life crises