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Biopsychosocial model
Influence of biology, psychology, and society on disorders
Diathesis stress by hypothesis
Genetic factors place individuals at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual disorder
Specific Phobia
Intense, irrational fear of a specific object, activy, situation; significant interference
Preparedness Hypothesis
Innate tendency to respond quickly/automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
Depressive Disorders
Sad, empty, or imitable, mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect functioning
MDD With Seasonal Pattern
Onset and remission of MD episodes of characteristic times of year
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not for at least 2 years; symptoms not as severe as MDD
Causes of Depressive Disorders
Genetics, chemical (serotonin), environmental, cognitions
Dissociative disorders
Disruption in integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior
Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms
Person displays deficits or loss of normal functioning, Decreased emotional expression, doesn’t usually respond to antipsychotic meds
Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms
Person displays active symptoms or distortion of normal functioning, word salads, delusions, hallucinations, usually responds to antipsychotic meds
Psychopharmacology
Prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness, Increases receptiveness to other insight therapies
Antipsychotics
Teat psychosis and symptoms (affects dopamine pathways-decrease it)
Tardive dyskinesia
Incurable disorder of motor control from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs (ticks)
Antidepressants
Usually increases serotonin/norepinephrine (SSRI). (caution-suicide, improper use, side affects) (Exercise + CBT = success for mid/mod depression)
Mood stabilizers
Lithium carbonate-treats bipolar
Antianxiety Drugs
Barbiturates (CNS) and Benzodiazepines (Specific) (Increase GABA)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Pervasive but unwarranted distrust and suspiciousness; assumes that other people intend to decide, exploit, or harm them
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Pervasive detachment from social relationships; emotionally cold and flat; indifferent to praise or criticism from others
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Odd thoughts, speech emotional reactions, mannerisms, and appearance; impaired social and interpersonal functioning, often superstitious
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Blatantly disregards or violates the rights of others; impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, and lacks guilt or remorse
Borderline Personality Disorder
Erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image; impulsive; desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; feelings of emptiness; self-destructive
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Exaggerated, overly dramatic expression of emotions and attention-seeking behavior that often includes sexually seductive or provocative behaviors
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Grandiose sense of self-importance; exaggerates abilities and accomplishments; excessive need for admiration; boastful, pretentious
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Extreme social inhibition due to feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, rejection, or disapproval
Dependent Personality Disorder
Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive, clinging behavior, fear of separation, and the inability to assume responsibility
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interfere with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism
Psychological disorder
Marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition emotion regulation, or behavior (Distressing, maladaptive, interferes with daily life)
Medical model
Disease: physical causes that can be diagnosed, theated, and maybe cured
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
DSM-5
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Most accepted classification system in the US)
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety (19%)
Social anxiety disorders
Intense fear or avoidance of social situations
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal
Panic disorder
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by worry of another
Agoraphobia
Fear/avoidance of situations, where one has felt loss of control and panic; avoid places (crowds, open places)
Phobia
Intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, situation, significant interference
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Post-traumatic stress disorder
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbing feeling after a traumatic experience
Major depressive disorder
Clear cut changes in affect, cognition, and behavior with inter-episode remissions (change in previous function, 2 week period) (must have a depressed mood or loss of interest)
Mania
Periods of elevated mood and periods of depression
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
Psychotic disorders
Loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
Delusion
False belief that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence
Hallucination
Sensory perception with no external cause usually auditory, related to delusions (Disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior)
Chronic schizophrenia
A form in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
Acute schizophrenia
A form that can be at any age; frequently after a traumatic event
Somatic symptom disorder
Excessive distressing somatic symptoms plus abnormal thoughts, feeling/behaviors in response to them
Conversion disorder
Alfred voluntary motor or sensory functions without physical cause
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness without somatic symptoms
Dissociative identity disorder
Disruption of identity/sense of self characterized by 2 plus distinct personality states (90% have history of child abuse)
Dissociative amnesia
Psychologically induced inability to recall bio information
Fugue
Purposeful travel, bewildered wandering
Anxiety cluster
Such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder
Eccentric/odd behavior cluster
Such as the emotionless disengagement of schizotypal
Dramatic/impulsive behavior cluster
Such as the attention-getting borderline personality disorder the self focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality
Antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards family
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being underweight, also can excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa
A persons binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight loss
Binge-eating disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, guilt, but without the compensatory behavior of bulimia
Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interaction between therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties
Biomedical therapy
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
Eclectic approach
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Insight therapies
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and differences
Resistance
The blocking from consciousness of anxiety
Interpretation
The analyst’s nothing supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events
Transference
The patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other emotions linked with other relationships
Psychodynamic therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition views, individuals responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
Client-centered therapy
The therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environmental to facilitate clients growth
Active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echos, restates and clarifies. A feature in Rogers client-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard
A caring accepting nonjudgmental attitude, which Roger believed would help clients develop self-awareness and acceptance
Counterconditioning
Behavior therapy that uses classical conditioning to invoke a new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
Exposure therapies
Behavior techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure, that treat anxieties by showing them their fears
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradual increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
VR exposure therapy
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their fears
Aversive conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
Token economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior that can later be exchanged
Cognitive therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, core adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption of thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy
Group therapy
Therapy conducted with group rather than individuals
Family therapy
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Meta-analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Evidence-based practice
Clinical decision making that integrated the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristic and preferences
Therapeutic alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a client and therapist, who work together constructively to overcome the clients problem
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of sever thought disorder
Antianxiety Drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
Antidepressant drugs
Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and PTSD
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Used for treatment of severe depression (3 per week for 2-4 weeks= 70-80% marked improvement) (side effect-memory disruption)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
A possible alternative to ECT, less memory loss (treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar)
Psychosurgery
Surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
Lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotion or violent patients. The procedure would cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers
Resilience
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Posttraumatic growth
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstance and life crises