US Studies Midterm

indulgences

selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. it was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation

Protestant Reformation

an attempt to reform the Roman Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

puritans

english religious reformers who wanted to “purify” the angelican church ( the Church of England) by getting rid of all Catholic ceremony and ritual

separists

aka pilgrims. felt that the puritan way was impossible, so they fled to Holland, but missed English culture so came to America (came on the Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony

angelicans

any member of the angelican church (the Church of England)

Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal’s colonial empire

John Cabot

an Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland

Ferdinand Magellan

a Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the 1st to sail around the world

de Champlain

a French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of this marked the beginning of the decline/downfall of the Spanish Empire

Roanoke

An English settlement financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 16th century. In the Virginia colony. Several groups tried to establish a colony buy all either abandoned the settlement or disappeared.

Virginia Company

this was a joint stock company that received a charter from King James I to create a settlement in America. They provided funding for the development of the Jamestown Colony

Captain John Smith

He organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law that said “He who will not work, shall not eat” although harsh, it ultimately saved the colony

John Rolfe

an English settler at Jamestown who married Pocahontas. He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia economically successful.

pilgrims

a group of separists who established Plymouth Colony in 1620 to seek religious freedom.

Mayflower Compact

a document that was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in MA. signed by 41 males

John Winthrop

governor of the Mass. Bay Colony from 1588-1649. he was instrumental to forming the colony’s gov’t and shaping its legislative policy.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave Mass. Bay for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchison

she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of thru the church elders. she was forced to leave Mass. Bay in 1637. Her followers called the Antinomians founded the colony of New Hampshire.

town meetings

this was the focus of NE politics. it allowed all adult males in communities to participate in governing. This didnt work well in large cities

Charles I

after this king __attempted to create new taxes w/o the consent of the Parliament, the English Civil War began and after 7 years, the Puritans seized control and proceeded to behead ______. They then placed Oliver Cromwell in power.__

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the victory in the English Civil War and called for the execution of Charles He was basically a dictator

King Philip’s War

In 1675, a series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanowags, led by a cheif known as King Philip. The war was started when the Mass. gov’t tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won against the Indians, which opened up a lot of lands for expansion

indentured servants

ppl who couldn’t afford passage to the colonies could become ________. Another person would pay their passage adn in exchange the__ _______ would serve that person for a set length of time (usually 7 years) and then would be free.

House of Burgess

set up by the Virginia Colony as the 1st elected assembly in the New World.

Cecilius Calvert

First proprietor who created Maryland. He tried to make it a refuge for English Catholics, so he used the “manor” system. This plan failed bc most settlers were Protestant + land was cheap, so no one thought manors were necessary.

Bacon’s rebellion

a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers o attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

John Locke

_________ and Anthony Ashley established an early gov’t system in Carlonia called the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.

William Penn

He settled Pennsylvania and believed that the “Inner Light” could speak thru a person and ran religious services w/o ministers. The “Quakers” were his followers.

the Glorious Revolution

The English Parliament and William and Mary decided to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. They supported a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people

King William’s War

aka the War of the League of Augsburg. It was the 3rd time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France.

Queen Anne’s War

the second of the 4 North American wars waged by the British and France between 1689 and 1763. The wars were a result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Britian and France.

mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought.

Navigation Acts

laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry bc they weren’t allowed to trade w/ other countries

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many thought he was a dictator which caused the colony to break down and him to lose his position as governor.

Stono Rebellion

the most serious slave rebellion in the colonial period which occured in 1739 in SC. 100 African Americans got weapons and killed several whites, then tried to escape for Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants were executed.

King George’s War

a war fought between Britain, France, and Spain. it took place not only in Europe, but also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with troops.

enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas of social institutions

Benjamin Franklin

a printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. He was one of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe mainly due to his discoveries in the field of electricity

Great Awakening

a religious revival in the American colonies of the 18th century during which a number of Protestant churches were established

Jonathan Edwards

he was the most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. he had vivid descriptions of hell that terrified listeners.

George Whitefield

came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening. He was a great preacher and preached of love and forgiveness.

continental divide

Europeans discovered this obstacle during westward.

expansion. It separates the water that runs towards the Pacific Ocean from the water that runs towards the Atlantic Ocean, Artic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico

fall line

an imaginary line between 2 parallel rivers, where rivers plunge/fall at around the same elevation. There is a major one between the Appalachian Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. many cities developed along this fall line

Seven Years War

A series of conflicts that waged from 1756 to 1763. The war was a product of economic rivalries that existed in Europe over the treasures of the Americas. The wars were seen in India, the west indies (Carribean), and North America. As a result, the French and Indian War occurred, causing Britain to gain more control over the contested regions.

Pontiac’s rebellion

settlers pour into the Ohio Valley , so Pontiac organizes Native Americans into alliance to rebell and stop British colonists

King George III

King of England that was stubborn, stupid, and levied taxes even though he knew colonists would hate them. He was a poor ruler and hated colonists.

James Otis

a colonial lawyer who defended colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. He argued against the writs of assisstance and the Stamp Act

writs of assistance

this said that imported goods could be seized. It was a general search warrant that allowed customs to search any building or ship for smuggled goods w/o any evidence

Sugar Act

an attempt to raise revenues that would help offset Britain’s military expense in America.

vice admiralty court

a court where the judge alone gave the verdict of cases related to the writs of assistance; no jury

Stamp Act

this act required colonists to purchase “stamped” paper for legal documents, newspapers, almanacs, dice, and playing cards. it was cheap but pissed ppl off

Stamp Act Congress

delegates from 9 colonies were sent to NYC to discuss the Stamp Act. they drew up a declaration of rights using the taxation w/o representation arguement and decided to boycott British goods.

Sons of Liberty

a group of shopkeepers that originally called themselves the Loyal Nine. they prepared for agitation against the stamp act. as the group grew, they became known as the ___________

Declaration Act

this act replaced the stamp act and asserted Parliaments right to make laws for the 13 colonies.

townschend acts

these acts were created by Charlie Townschend. they taxed colonists on the 5 most imported goods. they caused colonists to boycott British goods again

Samuel Adams

The founded of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the D of I

John Adams

America’s 1st VP and 2nd president. a sponsor of the American Revolution in MASS. and wrote the Mass. guarantee that freedom of press shouldn;t be restrained

John Hancock

patriot leader and president of the 2nd continental congress; 1st person to sign D of I

Olmec

the mother culture of Meso-America 1200 BC to 400 BC

Maya

large empire on the Yucatan Peninsula; 300 AD to 900 AD; later conquered by the Aztec

Aztec

developed in the valley of mexico, conquered the Maya; conquered in 1519 by Cortes and his army

Inca

located along Andes Mountains in Chile; great architects

Pope, Bishops, Priests

roman catholic church hierarchy starting w/ most powerful (3)

Marco Polo

part of a venetian merchant family that traveled across the caravan routes to China; stayed for 17 yrs; made prisoner of war by Genoa after the Battle of Kurzola

Cortes

one of Spain’s early and successful conquistadors. he eventually takes over Aztecs by claiming he was the Aztec god and they believed him bc he had shiny armor and a horse (not seen before); they drove his army out but, in the end, Aztec died to disease brought by Spanish

Jamestown

village founded in Virginia and named after James I; would’ve failed if it weren’t for Capt. John Smith (he who will not work shall not eat); located on easily defended but marshy peninsula.

royal colony

a colony that is under direct control of the King

Mass Bay Colony

“ a city upon a hill”- a city based on Puritan religion. the gov’t was a theocracy

theocracy

gov’t that is tied to a church

Rhode Island

It was dubbed the “Sewer” by Boston and allowed religious freedom. this colony was founded by Roger Williams (fled Mass Bay bc he disagreed w/ Puritan leaders and he was accused of heresy)

Hartford

founded by group led by Thomas Hooker 1635; Connecticut Valley; drew up The Fundamental Orders in 1639

New Netherlands

area explored for Dutch by Henry Hudson; Dutch West India Co. given permission to start colony capital at New Amsterdam. very diverse colony; take over New Sweden in 1655; in 1664 Charles II grants this land to his brother John to remove the “DUTCH WEDGE”

Pennsylvania

established by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers. Penn saw this colony as a “Holy Experiment“capital is Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love”

Delaware

Pennslyvania had no outlet to sea so Penn was granted 3 lower counties in 1682. these counties later became____________

Maryland

granted to George Calvert aka Lord Baltimore in 1632 as a refuge for Catholics; named after Charles II wife

North Carolina

1712- colony mostly settled by Virginia tobacco farmers; very independent nature due to its isolation (Outer Banks)

South Carolina

1712- developed sugar and rice plantations due to connection with West Indies; import many Africans to work

Georgia

colony founded by James Oglethorpe; seen as “buffer zone” bc it bordered w/ Florida; very harsh rules; becomes a royal colony in 1752

Boston Massacre

bad feelings between colonial deck hands and British troops caused this; fist fight breaks out between them and that night, colonists gather outside of the customs house to taunt/mock redcoats. Very tense situation, Crispus Attucks pushes a soldier down and his rifle goes off; bc of this other red coats fire into the crowd against orders- kills 5 including Attucks

Tea Act

this act was made bc of the British East India Tea Co. almost bankrupting due to colonial boycott. this act allows the company to sell tea to colonists tax-free; this leads to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty dress up as Native Americans and dump 18k pounds of tea in Boston Harbour in protest to the Tea Act

Intolerable Acts

these acts consist of the coercive act, quartering act, and Quebec act

minutemen

civilian or solider who could be ready to fight in a minutes notice

Lexington

this battle took place on April 19, 1775. it lasts 15 minutes and then British win- 8 minutemen killed/10 wounded

Concord

this battle took place on April 20, 1775. “shot heard round the world” British arrive here to look for ammo and powder. They retreat twoards Boston Harbour where minutemen and lined along the road to Boston. THE BLOODY CHUTE; much house-to-house fighting. colonists win

Bunker Hill

actually fought on Breeds Hill on June 17, 177. Israel Putnam (knowing they are low on ammo) tell colonists “don’t shoot until you can see the whites of their eyes". British are driven back on 1st and 2nd attempts, but win by hand to hand combat in 3 rd attempt bc no ammo

D of I

Committee to write this was led by Thomas Jefferson. On July 2nd , unanimously declare colonies free. July 4th, they adopt it and read to Philly crowd

New York

Washington sucessfully predicted that British would come back and attack this city. bc its a big trade center, big port and on Hudson river

Long Island

in this battle, the British destroy Washington’s left flank; that night fishermen helped ferry army to safety- live to fight another day

Trenton

in this battle on Christmas Day 1776, Washington’s men cross the Delaware River and surprise the hungover Hessians.

Princeton

Washington again crosses the Delaware River and surprises British and defeat them- this and Trenton restore morale to the Continental Army

Oriskany

in this battle, St. Legers forces are defeated by American militia and turn back to Montreal

Bennington

in this battle Burgoyne’s men are routed by the Green Mountain Boys

Saratoga

Burgoyne’s force recaptures Ft. Ticonderoga but then his army runs into America’s Northern Army. Colonists defeat the tired British at Freemans Farm

Monmouth

In this battle, Washington attacks Clinton’s rear guard with his newly trained Von Steuban troops; battle ends in a tie at nightfall; during this battle, Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley carries water to hydrate the solidiers and mans a cannon when husband gets injured- “Molly Pitcher”

Kings Mountain

shortly after “Tarleton’s Quarter” (where Tarleton killed patriots that had surrended), at this battle, it was payback time. The overmountain men and some Carolina Militia surrounded the Tory Legion and after tories try to surrender, they get Tarletons Quarter

Benedict Arnold

a general that was very involved in Ft. Ticonderoga, Quebec, Valcour Bay, and Saratoga. He was given military command of Philly and married a loyalist in 1778. in 1779 he was found guilty of using gov funds for personal use. he is known was the TRAITOR bc he tries to give British plans of West Point.

Cowpens

In this battle, Greene sends some soldiers in SC and Cornwallis counters by sending Tarleton’s Dragoons at attack the patriots. Gen. Danieal Morgan tricked the Tory Legion into breaking rank and then cut them to pieces by attacking them from 3 sides