AP Bio Fall Semester Final

Gene flow

can occur between different populations of the same species if individuals migrate.

extreme traits

Stabilizing selection means that organisms in a population with are eliminated.

Evolution

is a change in a population over time.

Natural selection

is defined in terms of populations but occurs in terms of individuals.

Fitness varies

based on biotic and abiotic factors; different genetic variations can be selected for in different generations.

Evolutionary fitness

is measured by reproductive success.

Convergent evolution

is the process by which two unrelated and dissimilar species come to have similar traits, often because they have been exposed to similar selective pressures.

Cladograms

are often drawn with even spacing between species, but phylogenetic trees are often drawn with different distances between species and as a result they look more like a tree with uneven branches.

Biotic

and abiotic factors can affect the direction of evolution.

Morphological homologies

, or the study of the anatomy of various animals: scientists discovered that some animals have similar structures that serve different functions.

Divergent evolution

that occurs quickly after a period of stasis is called punctuated equilibrium.

fittest offspring

The , or those with the most favorable traits, are the most likely to survive and therefore produce a second generation.

next generation

As long as a mutation does not kill an organism before it reproduces it may be passed on to the .

Hardy Weinberg law

The states that even with all the shuffling of genes that goes on, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population are constant over time.

environmental impact

If the population is small, the population will be more susceptible to random than if the population is large.

post zygotic barrier

A(n) is related to the inability of a hybrid organism to produce offspring.

genetic equilibrium

If mutations are present in a population, new alleles will be introduced into the population and hence will be disturbed.

Survival

of the fittest is the name of the game, and any trait that causes an individual to reproduce better gives that individual evolutionary fitness.

Allopatric speciation

simply means that a population becomes separated from the rest of the species by a geographic barrier so the two populations cant interbreed.

original life form

Some is the common ancestor to all life.

Genetic drift

is something that causes a change in the genetics of a population, but it is not natural selection.

Molecular Biology

: The most compelling proof of all is the similarity at the molecular level.

Genetic variation

is the very foundation of evolution.

Phylogenetic trees

are built using data from the fossil record or molecular record.

Natural selection

requires genetic variation and an environmental pressure.

Natural selection

occurs only if some individuals have more evolutionary fitness and can be selected.

natural selection

If there is , organisms better adapted to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce, and thus their alleles will be preferentially propagated to the next generation.

Paleontology

paleontology revealed the various organisms and the major lines of evolution

Biogeography, or the study of the distribution of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in the environment

scientists found related species in widely separated regions of the world

Embryology, or the study of development of an organism

All the vertebrates-including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and even mammals such as humans-show fishlike features called gill slits

Morphological homologies, or the study of the anatomy of various animals

scientists discovered that some animals have similar structures that serve different functions

Molecular Biology

The most compelling proof of all is the similarity at the molecular level

Continuing Evolution

Evolution is constantly occurring

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules essential for the storage and transmission of genetic information in living organisms. Made up of simple unit of nucleotides.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is essential for building cells and producing certain hormones in the body.

Carbohydrates

________ are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Haemoglobin

________ is a molecule in the blood that helps distribute oxygen to the tissues in the body.

Hydrolysis

________ is when polymers can also be broken down into monomers.

Monosaccharides

A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule..

DNA

DNA is a molecule that carries genetic instructions. It has a double helix structure made of nucleotides containing adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine..

Monomers

Monomers are the individual building blocks of a polymer.

concentration of hydrogen

The ________ ions in a solution will indicate whether it is acidic, basic, or neutral.

Electrons

________ are negatively charged (-) particles.

RNA

________ is essential for protein synthesis.

Protons

________ are positively charged (+) particles.

Neutrons

________ are neutral particles as they donot carry any electric charge.

Phospholipids

________ contain two fatty acid "tails "and one negatively charged phosphate "head.

Polymers

________ are chains of building blocks in macromolecules.

Glucose

________ is an important part of the food we eat, and it is the product made by plants during photosynthesis.

Amino acids

________ are building blocks of proteins.

Side chain polarity

________ affects whether an amino acid is more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic.

Polysaccharides

A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate composed of multiple monosaccharide (simple sugar) units linked together.

Acidic solution

A solution is acidic if it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+).

Atoms

________ are the unit of life and are the building blocks of the physical world.

pH scale

The ________ is logarithmic and represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

alpha helix

An alpha helix is a common secondary structure in proteins, characterized by a tightly coiled, helical shape.

fatty acid

A fatty acid is a type of molecule that serves as a building block of lipids, which are a class of biological molecules that include fats, oils, and phospholipids.

disaccharide

A disaccharide is a type of carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide molecules joined together through a chemical bond known as a glycosidic bond.

polypeptide

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

triglyceride

A triglyceride is a type of lipid (fat) and is composed of three fatty acid molecules chemically linked to a glycerol molecule.

Proteins

Proteins are large molecules made of amino acids, serving various roles such as enzymes for chemical reactions, structural support, and signaling in the body.

Lipids

Lipids are a diverse group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

ph scale

The ________ or alkalinity of a solution can be measured using a pH scale.

covalent bond

A(n) ________ is formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

Adhesion

The ________ contributes to another property of water known as surface tension.

Elements

Elements are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom.

Just add water

To break up the disaccharide and form two monosaccharides

Lipid Saturation

The extent of saturation in a lipid can affect its structure and function.

Cohesion

Cohesion refers to the tendency of molecules of the same substance to be attracted to each other.

Surface Tension

beta-plated sheet

A beta-plated sheet is a protein secondary structure where adjacent amino acid chains align in a sheet-like formation, held together by hydrogen bonds.

Neutrons

________ are uncharged particles.

Phospholipids

A phospholipid is a type of lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

Peroxisomes

are organelles that detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct.

Prokaryotes

do not have any membrane- bound organelles.

Lysosomes

are made when vesicles containing specific enzymes from the trans Golgi fuse with vesicles made during endocytosis.

Glucose

and ions such as Na+ and K+ are also transported across the plasma membrane via membrane proteins.

ATP

Transport proteins form pumps that use to actively transport solutes across the membrane.

fluid filled sacs

They are that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments.

genetic material

The in a prokaryote is one continuous, circular DNA molecule that is found free in the cell in the nucleoid.

Secondary

active transport occurs when something is actively transported using the energy captured from the movement of another substance flowing down its concentration gradient.

Cytoplasm

within a plant cell is usually taken up by a large vacuole which is the central vacuole.

Microtubules

are made up of the protein tubulin, participate in cellular division and movement.

Aquaporins

are water- specific channels.

Carbohydrate side chains

are found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Tonicity

is used to describe osmotic gradients.

Receptor

- mediated endocytosis: involves cell surface that work in tandem with endocytic pits that are lined with a protein called clathrin.

Microfilaments

are important for movement.

Light microscopes

are used to study stained or living cells.

nucleus

The is usually the largest organelle in the cell.

plant cells

Vacuoles serve multiple functions in .

plasma membrane

In exocytosis, a cell ejects waste products or specific secretion products, such as hormones, by the fusion of a vesicle with the , which then expels the contents into the extracellular space.

Adhesion

proteins form junctions between adjacent cells.

natural flow

Movement against the is called active transport.

Bacteria

and archaea are examples of prokaryotes.

large ingested particles

They have sacs that carry digestive enzymes, which they use to break down old, worn- out organelles, debris, or .

Cilia

and flagella have locomotive properties in single- celled organisms.

Bulk flow

is the one- way movement of fluids brought about by pressure.

Pinocytosis

: the cell ingests liquids.

Ribosomes

can be either free floating in the cell or attached to another structure called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)