Quiz Answer Quilt

Between the ages of 2 and 6, _________

approximately 45 new epiphyses emerge in various parts of the skeleton

Young children __________ are at increased risk for decayed teeth.

In a home with regular smokers

With the transition to early childhood, many children __________.

become unpredictable, picky eaters

Which statement is supported by research on nutrition?

Offering sweet fruit drinks or soft drinks promotes "milk avoidance."

In a Dutch study, mothers who pressured their child to eat __________.

were more likely to have an underweight child

What is one reason the United States lags behind Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in immunizations?

Many low-income U.S. families do not have adequate health insurance coverage.

The leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations is __________.

unintentional injuries

Which statement about preventing childhood injuries is true?

Many parents overestimate young children's knowledge of safety rules.

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy, __________.

balance improves greatly

Piaget believed that __________ leads to internal images of experience, which children then label with words.

sensiorimotor activity

Piaget believed that through __________, young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.

pretending

Researchers today believe that make-believe play __________.

not only reflects but also contributes to children’s cognitive and social skills

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because young children __________.

egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events

The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its __________.

irreversibility

Which statement accurately reflects the findings of follow-up research on preoperational thought?

Piaget missed many naturally occurring instances of effective reasoning by preschoolers.

Four-year-old Brigid is likely to use more __________ when she is confused about how to proceed.

private speech

According to Vygotksy, children's learning takes place __________.

within the zone of proximal development

Guided participation __________.

allows for variations across situations and cultures

Four-year-old Dorrit "reads" familiar signs, but does not yet understand the symbolic function of the elements of print. Dorrit's parents expose her to books, calendars, magazines, lists, and signs. Dorrit's active efforts to understand written language through her informal experiences is known as __________.

emergent literacy

Pramada attends a preschool program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to __________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.

display more stress behaviors, such as wiggling and rocking,

In child-centered kindergarten programs, __________

much learning takes place through play

Which statement is supported by research on child care?

Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development, especially for low-SES children.

Preschool television programming with slow-paced action and easy-to-follow narratives is associated with __________.

improved executive function

Which statement about strategies for early word learning is true?

Preschoolers figure out many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences

Two-year-old Asha says, "We saw two deers." Asha is demonstrating __________.

 

overregularization

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

initiative versus guilt

According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they __________

are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

Three-year-old Rayna says, "I Rayna. I a girl. I run fast. I like yellow." Rayna is beginning to develop __________.

a self concept

During the preschool years, high self-esteem __________.

contributes greatly to children's initiative

The more parents __________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

label emotions, explain them, and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers

Which statement is supported by research on emotional understanding?

Knowledge about emotion helps children in their efforts to get along with others.

Empathy __________.

serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior

Three-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with __________

empathetic concern

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.

associative; cooperative

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.

To preschoolers, __________.

a friend is someone "who likes you”

Research on friendships shows that __________.

children entering kindergarten who have friends in their class adjust to school more favorably

Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time.

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges, __________.

allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence

The meaning and impact of physical discipline to children __________.

can vary sharply with its intensity level, context of warmth and support, and cultural approval

One strategy of positive parenting is __________.

reducing opportunities for misbehavior

Initially, the most common type of aggression is __________.

proactive

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

relational

Which statement is supported by research on viewing television violence?

Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent media than nonaggressive children.

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that beginning at birth, parents __________.

have different expectations of sons than of daughters

Which statement about teachers' involvement in gender-role learning is true?

Teachers' emphasis of gender differences increases preschoolers' gender-stereotyped beliefs.

Which statement about the authoritative child-rearing style is true?

Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.

Children of __________ parents are more likely to react with hostility when frustrated and use force to get their way.

authoritarian

Which child is the most likely to become a target of child maltreatment?

Faye, a premature baby

Research on child maltreatment shows that __________.

maltreating parents are often isolated from both formal and informal social supports

In middle childhood, as in early childhood, boys__________ than girls.

have more muscle

After age 8, girls __________ than boys.

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate

s muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience __________.

nighttime "growing pains

Which statement about the causes of childhood obesity is true?

Children who were undernourished in their early years are at risk for later excessive weight gain.

Which child is at the greatest risk for overweight?

Leo, who watches 2 hours of TV and Internet ads in his bedroom each day

Which statement about the consequences of obesity is true?

In Western societies, obese children are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.

Which intervention for treating childhood obesity is regarded as the most effective?

a family-based approach focused on changing behaviors

The most common vision problem in middle childhood is __________.

myopia

By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is __________

asthma

Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury in middle childhood, followed by __________ accidents.

bicycle

Which statement about gross-motor development in middle childhood is accurate?

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are more agile and have better balance.

________ plays a larger role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.

The social environment

One valid criticism of youth sports is that __________

they substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies

Dr. Goldberg introduces irrelevant stimuli into a task and records how well children attend to its central elements. Dr. Goldberg is probably studying __________.

selectivity of attention

Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD two to three times as often as girls.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) __________.

is usually a lifelong disorder

Which statement is true about the difference between the United States and Asian countries with regard to math education?

Chinese parents provide their preschoolers with extensive practice in counting and computation.

During the elementary years, __________.

children develop language awareness

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood __________.

separate the language systems early on and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable

At present in the United States, public opinion and educational practice favor __________ for dual language learners.

English-only instruction

Which elementary classroom shows signs of high-quality education?

Classroom C, where teachers use written observations to individualize instruction

In social-constructivist classrooms, __________.

students' learning is jointly constructed with teachers and peers

Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially strong __________.

when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children

U.S. legislation mandates that schools place children who require special supports for learning in __________.

the "least restrictive" environments that meet their educational needs

Which statement about inclusion is true?

Some, but not all, students who require special supports benefit academically from inclusion.

According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

inferiority

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.

industry

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor.

physical appearance

School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

authoritative

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

mastery-oriented; ability

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

learned helplessness

In middle childhood, __________ contribute(s) to the development of trust and sensitivity.

friendships

School-age friends __________.

tend to be similar in race, ethnicity, and SES

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

popular; neglected

On a measure of peer acceptance, Jed gets many negative votes and no positive ones. Jed is a __________ child.

rejected

Research on peer victimization shows that __________.

aggression and victimization are not polar opposites

From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________

strengthen declines

Titus feels similar to other boys. Titus is __________.

gender typical

Alyssa feels comfortable being a girl, which consequently makes her happy. Which self-evaluation reflects Alyssa's gender identity?

gender contentedness

Which statement about how children's temperament and sex affect adjustment to parental divorce is true?

Coercive maternal behavior and defiance by sons are common in divorcing households.

Veronica and Santiago are getting a divorce. They are worried about the long-term consequences this will have on their three children. You can tell them that the overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is __________

effective parenting

Divorce mediation __________.

increases involvement of both parents in child rearing

When employed mothers remain committed to parenting, children display __________.

less gender-stereotyped beliefs

In dual-earner households, maternal employment __________.

often leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities

Most cases of school refusal appear around age __________.

11 to 13

Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. How can Elliott's parents best help?

Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to manage anxiety.

When war and social crises are temporary, most children __________.

do not show long-term emotional difficulties

Which statement about child sexual abuse is true?

The abuser is often a parent or someone the parent knows well.

Children who __________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse.

live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters

Resilience __________.

enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity