Chemical Changes

Metal oxide definition

Compound formed when metal ionically bonds to oxygen

Acid definition

Substance that releases H⁺ ions and has pH below 7

Base definition

Substance that neutralises acid and has pH above 7

Alkali definition

Soluble base, metal hydroxide, releases OH^- ions

Neutralisation definition

When an acid reacts with base- produce salt and water

Carbonates definition

Ionic compound containing carbon and oxygen

Salt definition

Ionic compound formed when acid and base react

Electrolysis definition

Splitting up an ionic substance using electricity

What is oxidation?

• gain of oxygen

• loss of hydrogen and electrons (OIL)

What is reduction?

• loss of oxygen

• gain of hydrogen and electrons (RIG)

How is the reactivity series displayed?

• highly reactive metals ‘ium’ (potassium, sodium)

• base metals (hydrogen, copper)

• native metals (silver, gold)

How are highly reactive metals extracted?

Electrolysis

How are base metals extracted?

Heating with carbon

How are native metals extracted?

Found as nuggets of pure metal

How does the pH effect ionisation?

• strong acid- full ionisation

• weak acid- partial

• weak base- partial

• strong base- fully

Equation for all neutralisation?

H⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq) —> H₂0(l)

What are the positive and negative electrodes?

• Cathode- negative

• Anode- positive

PANIC

What do the positive and negative ions do?

• positive- move to cathode

• negative- move to anode

What is an electrolyte?

the ions that are being electrolysed

What happens if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen?

hydrogen is produced at the cathode

What happens if the negative ion isn’t a hallide ion?

Oxygen is produced at the anode