Certartiodactyla
Even-toed ungulates - Paraxonic Unguligrade
Perissodactyla
Odd-toed ungulates - Mesaxonic Unguligrade
Gut Fermentation
Uses microbial communities to break down plant matter using anaerobic fermentation
Rumination or Foregut Fermentation
Involves a 4-chambered stomach
Allows the animal to eat plant matter and then regurgitate it and redigest it later (called cud)
Hindgut Fermentation
Single chambered stomach
Occurs further in the gut, in the large intestine
What family has horns?
Family Bovidae
What family has antlers?
Family Cervidae
Horns
Bony core with keratin sheath
not shed
unbranches
found in both males and females in most species
Antlers
shed and regrown each year
made of bone
covered in skin ("velvet") during the growing season
usually branched
almost never on females
What species are antlers found on in females in Cervidae?
Caribou
What is velvet?
Skin that covers antlers in Cervidae
What group has unbranched antlers?
Muntjacs
Suborder Ruminantia
Ruminants
Ruminantia skull traits
Males frequently have head ornamentation/weaponry
Ruminantia Teeth
An incisiform lower canine -> 3 incisors and 1 incisiform canine
Large diastema (gap) between incisors/canine and cheek teeth
Selenodont cheek teeth
Upper incisors usually reduced or absent
Ruminantia post-cranial skeleton
Unguligrade
Paraxonic
Cannon bone
Ruminantia soft tissue
4 chambered stomach
foregut fermentation
regurgitation of food (cud)
Bovidae
true antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats
Bovidae Features
Horns -> not shed and not forked
No antorbital vacuity (indent below the orbital)
Cervidae Features
Antlers -> forked and shed
Cervidae
deer: reindeer; moose or elks; muntjacs; roe deer
Odocoileus hemionus
Mule deer
Deep antorbital vacuity (Indent near orbital)
Forked antlers
Odocoileus virginianus
White-tailed deer
shallow antorbital vacuity (indent near orbital)
Single beam antlers with small ofshoots
Antilocapridae
comprising only the pronghorns
Antilocapra americana
Pronghorn
pronghorns -> forked and only the outer sheath is shed
Neither horns nor antlers
fast
Order Perissodactyla
Odd-toed ungulates
Perissodactyla
nonruminant ungulates: horses; tapirs; rhinoceros; extinct forms
Perissodactyla - Skull
Elongated rostrum
Lacrimal bone has a process that projects into the orbit
Perissodactyla Teeth
Lophodont cheek teeth
Large diastema between incisors/canines and cheek teeth
Upper and lower incisors present in some, missing in others
Perissodactyla lacking incisors
Rhinoarotidae
Perissodactyla that has incisors
Equidae and Tapridae
Perissodactyla Postcranial Skeleton
Mesaxonic -No baculum
Perissodactyla Soft Tissue
Simple stomach
Hindgut fermentation in the enlarged cecum
No gall bladder
Testes scrotal or inguinal
Bicornuate uterus
Equidae
horses; asses; zebras; extinct animals
Equidae - Features
Males have canine
Upper incisors
Huge diastema
Domestic
A genetically distinct lineage of animals that have developed adaptations to live in human care
Wild
A lineage of animals that has not adapted to human care; compatibility with humans has not been a significant selective pressure
Tame
A wild animal that has become accustomed to humans and has a reduced fear response
Feral
A domestic animal that has lived away from humans and is now fearful of humans
Refers to species + genetics
Domestic and Wild
Refers to populations/individuals
behavior
Tame and feral
Why are Ruminantia more successful in grasslands than Perissodactyla?
Better adapted to feeding on grasses because of rumination/foregut fermentation
Better ornamation for defense
able to chew and digest later (digest on the move)