part 1 & 2, chapter 1: the human body and orientation

Anatomy

Structure

Physiology

Function

Principle of complementary

The structure of a body part is perfectly suited to its function; function is always dependent on structure

Microscopic anatomy

Cannot see with the naked eye

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

Can see with the naked eye

Developmental anatomy

How anatomical structures form and change in an organism, from a single cell, to maturity

Structural organization

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

Chemical level

Atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular level

Cells are made up of molecules

Tissue level

Tissue consist of similar cell types

Organ level

Organs are made up of different types of tissue

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organism level

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

Requirements to maintain life

maintaining boundaries, movement & responsiveness, digestion, metabolism & excretion, and reproduction & growth

Survival needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

A dynamic state of equilibrium, always adjusting as needed

How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

Allow for a variable to go back to its set point

How does positive feedback maintain homeostasis?

Allows for the variable to be strengthen, instead of changing it

Homeostatic imbalance and disease

Aging and destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over

Anatomical position

Body upright, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of the body

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body

Anterior (ventral)

Towards the front of the body (in front of)

Posterior (dorsal)

Towards the back of the body (behind)

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

Between a more medial and lateral structure

Axial

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

Limbs (legs and arms)

Sagittal

Right and left sections

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Midsagittal (median) plane

Right down the middle of the body with even halves

Parasagittal plane

Left and right halves but do not pass directly through the midline

Frontal (coronal) plane

Front and back sections (anterior & posterior)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Upper and lower sections

Dorsal Body Cavity: subdivisions

Cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity

Cranial cavity

Contains brain

Vertebral cavity

Contains spinal cord

Ventral body cavity: subdivisions

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Two pleural cavities that contains the right and left lung and the mediastinum which contains the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Contains digestive viscera

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

Organs in the right upper quadrant

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, pancreas, colon, etc

Organs in the right lower quadrant

Appendix, right ovary and fallopian tube (in females), part of the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon

Organs in the upper left quadrant

Stomach, left kidney, pancreas, etc

Organs in the left lower quadrant

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and fallopian tubes (in females), part of small intestine, etc

Serous membranes

outer balloon wall: parietal pericardium

air: pericardial spears w/ serous fluid

inner balloon wall: